Development of a cognitive function test using virtual reality technology: examination in healthy participants

Sakai, Harutaka; Nagano, Akinori; Seki, Kazuhiko; Okahashi, Sayaka; Kojima, Maki; Luo, Zhiwei

doi:10.1080/13825585.2017.1351916

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Executing such simulated tasks requires reasoning and problem solving. This finding is compatible to the decline in executive function performance using VR from the fifth decade onward, as reported by Sakai et al (2018). The results of this study suggest that while the performance score decreases markedly in participants aged around mid-50s, the VR performance among the older age groups seems to be stable from 55 to 74 years of age (Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Studies have revealed that generally younger individuals have better VR performance compared to those who are older (Davison et al, 2017;Ouellet et al, 2018;Plechatá et al, 2019). Sakai et al (2018) reported significant differences in VR performance scores across age bands of 20 years, and the decline of VR performance is more obvious from the fifth decade onward. However, the results of these studies are often based on their participation in limited number of VR tasks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age-Related Performance in Using a Fully Immersive and Automated Virtual Reality System to Assess Cognitive Function

et al. 2022

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IntroductionCognition generally declines gradually over time due to progressive degeneration of the brain, leading to dementia and eventual loss of independent functions. The rate of regression varies among the six cognitive domains (perceptual motor, executive function, complex attention, learning and memory, social cognition and language). Current modality of cognitive assessment using neuropsychological paper-and-pencil screening tools for cognitive impairment such as the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) has limitations and is influenced by age. Virtual reality (VR) is considered as a potential alternative tool to assess cognition. A novel, fully immersive automated VR system (Cognitive Assessment using Virtual Reality, CAVIRE) has been developed to assess the six cognitive domains. As cognition is associated with age, VR performance is postulated to vary with age using this system.AimsThis is a feasibility study to evaluate the VR performance of cognitively healthy adults aged between 35 and 74 years old, based on the performance score and completion time using the CAVIRE system.MethodsConducted in a public primary care clinic in Singapore, 25 multi-ethnic Asian adults were recruited in each of the four age groups in years: (1) 35–44; (2) 45–54; (3) 55–64, and (4) 65–74. The eligibility criteria included a MoCA score of 26 or higher to reflect normal cognition and understanding English instructions. They completed common daily activities ranging from brushing teething to shopping, across 13 VR segments. Their performances scores and completion time were automatically computed by the CAVIRE system. These VR performance indices were compared across the four age groups using one-way ANOVA, F-test of the hypothesis, followed by pair-wise comparisons in the event of a significant F-test (p < 0.05).ResultsOne participant dropped out from Group 1. The demographic characteristics of 99 participants were similar across the 4 age groups. Overall, younger participants in Groups 1 and 2 attained higher VR performance scores and shorter completion time, compared to those in Groups 3 and 4, in all six cognitive domains (all p < 0.05).ConclusionThe CAVIRE VR performance scores and completion time significantly differ between the younger and older Asian participants with normal cognition. Enhancements to the system are needed to establish the age-group specific normal performance indices.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Performance in Using a Fully Immersive and Automated Virtual Reality System to Assess Cognitive Function

et al. 2022

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“…In the case of the extant PM literature, visual stimuli are predominantly presented via either standard computer monitors (Debarnot et al, 2015;Gonneaud et al, 2012;Sakai et al, 2018) or head-mounted displays (HMD) (Parsons & Barnett, 2017;Brown et al, 2016;Banville et al, 2010). While each of these methods can make use of three-dimensional environments, they are critically different in the way they embody them.…”

Section: Virtual Reality and Prospective Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, it is critical that individuals navigate virtual environments in the same manner as they do in the real world. Many VR-based PM studies on healthy adults, including those using HMDs, predominantly utilize keyboards, joysticks, or touchscreens to allow movement in the virtual environment (Debartnot et al, 2015;O'rear & Radvansky, 2018;Parsons & Barnett, 2017, Okahashi et al, 2013, Sakai et al, 2018. Participants are often seated and static throughout the experiment.…”

Section: Virtual Reality and Prospective Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Naturalistic assessments in virtual reality and in real life help resolve the age-prospective memory paradox

Saito¹,

Rose²

2019

Preprint

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Age differences in prospective memory (PM)—memory for delayed intentions—have shown paradoxical patterns between laboratory and naturalistic settings. Virtual reality (VR) has been used to try and enhance the ecological validity of PM assessments, but methodological differences and limited validation have undermined interpretation of previous findings. We compared age differences between VR- and naturalistic-based measures of PM performance for younger (18-30 years) and older (56-83 years) adults (N = 111) to explore the role of task context and familiarity. Participants completed PM tasks embedded in the Job Simulator VR videogame and a Breakfast task that involved setting a table and simulating breakfast food preparation. We also included two real-world measures in which participants tried to remember to exchange personal belongings with the experimenter (Belongings task) and return phone calls at specific times outside the lab (Call-back task). We found comparable age deficits in Job Simulator and the Breakfast task. However, the age-PM paradox persisted in the Belongings and Call-back tasks. Hierarchical regression modeling was conducted to determine the roles of working memory, vigilance, and personality traits in each. Regression analyses revealed that significant variance in lab-based PM performance was accounted for by individual differences in working memory and agreeableness in older adults, while variance in naturalistic PM performance was accounted for by vigilance and neuroticism in young adults. This study suggests that immersive VR gameplay helped to provide ecologically valid PM assessment and advance a theoretical account of the age-PM paradox with a systematic, task-based analysis of age and individual differences in PM. Different mediators predicted young and older adults’ PM differently across real-world and in-lab contexts (despite measuring similar, naturalistic PM in the same individuals in both VR and in real life). There are methodological, cognitive, & personality moderators, but the “paradox” appears to be a real developmental phenomenon.

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Virtual Therapy System in a Multisensory Environment for Patients with Alzheimer’s

Encalada

Medina

Manzano

et al. 2019

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

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Development of a cognitive function test using virtual reality technology: examination in healthy participants

Cited by 5 publications

References 16 publications

Age-Related Performance in Using a Fully Immersive and Automated Virtual Reality System to Assess Cognitive Function

Age-Related Performance in Using a Fully Immersive and Automated Virtual Reality System to Assess Cognitive Function

Naturalistic assessments in virtual reality and in real life help resolve the age-prospective memory paradox

Virtual Therapy System in a Multisensory Environment for Patients with Alzheimer’s

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