Development of a Cost-Effective Sensing Platform for Monitoring Phosphate in Natural Waters

Donohoe, Andrew; Lacour, Gareth; McCluskey, Peter; Diamond, Dermot; McCaul, Margaret

doi:10.3390/chemosensors6040057

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Leak testing showed no evidence of any leakages or failure points from 10 replicate chips assessed at flow rates of 3.0, 6.0, and 12.0 mL/min over a period of 1 h. When integrated into the prototype analyzer, no evidence of failure or leakage occurred over 1 h of testing using a flow rate of 3.0 mL/min. The chips were further tested with the analyzer running in a fully autonomous mode during which 2500 in-lab phosphate measurements were taken using the yellow method without chip failure (see ref (14)).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All reagents and standards were prepared using ultrahigh purity (UHP) water (MilliQ, Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA) and analytical grade chemicals (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), as described previously. 14 Briefly, the yellow reagent was prepared by dissolving 0.351 g of ammonium metavanadate (Sigma Aldrich) in ∼200 mL UHP water with an addition of 95 mL concentrated hydrochloric acid (Sigma Aldrich). Following this, 7.14 g of ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate was added and the resulting solution was made up to 1 L using UHP water.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11−13 The high cost of these analyzers arises from the need to produce a device that incorporates reagents, at least one standard for checking calibration, pumps, and valves for flow control, waste storage, nonfouling sampling port, fluidic system, selective detection, electronics for data acquisition and wireless communications, and power source/management. 14…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fabrication of Rugged and Reliable Fluidic Chips for Autonomous Environmental Analyzers Using Combined Thermal and Pressure Bonding of Polymethyl Methacrylate Layers

et al. 2019

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The fabrication of highly reliable and rugged fluidic chips designed for use in autonomous analyses for nutrient monitoring is described. The chips are based on a two-layer configuration with the fluidic channels produced in one layer using precision micromilling. The second capping layer contains through holes for sample/standard and reagent addition and waste removal post-analysis. Two optically clear polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) windows are integrated into the opaque PMMA chip, orthogonal to a 22.5 mm-long section of the channel downstream from a serpentine reagent and sample/standard mixing region. An LED source is coupled into the channel through one of the windows, and the light intensity is monitored with a photodiode located at the distal end of the channel outside the second optically clear window. Efficient coupling of the source through the channel to the detector is achieved using custom-designed alignment units produced using 3D printing. In contrast to fluidic chips produced using solvent adhesion, the thermal-/pressure-bonded simplified method presented removes the need for surface treatment. Optimization of the thermal/pressure conditions leads to very strong adhesion between the PMMA layers, requiring forces in the region of 2000 N to separate them, which is necessary for the use in long-term deployments. Profilometry imaging shows minimal evidence of channel distortion after bonding. Finally, we show the potential of these techniques for environmental applications. The fluidic chips were integrated into prototype nutrient analyzers that display no evidence of leakage in extensive lab tests involving 2500 phosphate measurements using the yellow (vanadomolybdophosphoric acid) method. Similarly, excellent analytical performance (LOD is 0.09 μM) is reported for a 28-day field trial comprising 188 in situ autonomous phosphate measurements (564 measurements) in total including calibration.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fabrication of Rugged and Reliable Fluidic Chips for Autonomous Environmental Analyzers Using Combined Thermal and Pressure Bonding of Polymethyl Methacrylate Layers

et al. 2019

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“…In contrast, many researchers in the environmental science domain are still focusing on developing new sensors to measure physical properties [57,58,59,60] or bio-chemical properties [61,62] of a water body. Much research has also been carried out from the catchment management perspective.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Low-Cost Smart Sensor Network for Catchment Monitoring

Zhang

Heery

O’Neil

et al. 2019

Sensors

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Understanding hydrological processes in large, open areas, such as catchments, and further modelling these processes are still open research questions. The system proposed in this work provides an automatic end-to-end pipeline from data collection to information extraction that can potentially assist hydrologists to better understand the hydrological processes using a data-driven approach. In this work, the performance of a low-cost off-the-shelf self contained sensor unit, which was originally designed and used to monitor liquid levels, such as AdBlue, fuel, lubricants etc., in a sealed tank environment, is first examined. This process validates that the sensor does provide accurate water level information for open water level monitoring tasks. Utilising the dataset collected from eight sensor units, an end-to-end pipeline of automating the data collection, data processing and information extraction processes is proposed. Within the pipeline, a data-driven anomaly detection method that automatically extracts rapid changes in measurement trends at a catchment scale. The lag-time of the test site (Dodder catchment Dublin, Ireland) is also analyzed. Subsequently, the water level response in the catchment due to storm events during the 27 month deployment period is illustrated. To support reproducible and collaborative research, the collected dataset and the source code of this work will be publicly available for research purposes.

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“…However considerable work is still required before current technologies are able to operate for long periods of time in remote and extreme conditions. The development of portable, low maintenance, costeffective instrumentation for nutrient analysis capable of operation in these locations provides an opportunity to enhance our understanding of global nutrient distribution (Ribotti et al, 2015); (Donohoe et al, 2018;Hering et al, 2010). In order to support the implementation of European Union marine policies such as the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) the European FP7 project COMMON SENSE aimed to develop cost-effective, easy to use, sensitive sensors for environmental monitoring (Ribotti et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient Analysis in Arctic Waters Using a Portable Sensing Platform

et al. 2021

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A portable sensing platform for the detection of nutrients (PO43−, NO2−, NO3−) in natural waters has been realized through the use of rapid prototyping techniques, colorimetric chemistries, electronics, and LED-based optical detection. The sensing platform is modular in design incorporating interchangeable optical detection units, with a component cost per unit of ca. €300, and small form factor (20 cm × 6 cm x 3.5 cm). Laboratory testing and validation of the platform was performed prior to deployment at the CNR Dirigibile Italia Arctic Research Station, Ny-Aselund (79°N, 12°E). Results obtained showed excellent linear response, with a limit of detection of 0.05 μM (NO2−, NO3−), and 0.03 μM (PO43−). On the June 22, 2016 a field campaign took place within Kongsfjorden, Ny-Aselund (78.5–79°N, 11.6–12.6°E), during which 55 water samples were acquired using 10 L Niskin bottles on board the MS Teisten research vessel. 23 hydrological casts were also performed using a Seabird 19plus V2 SeaCAT Profiler CTD probe with turbidity and dissolved oxygen sensors. Water samples were subsequently analyzed for PO43−, NO2−, NO3− at the CNR Dirigibile Italia Arctic Research Station Laboratory using the adaptive sensing platform. Nutrient concentrations were compared to hydrological data to assess the processes that influence the nutrient concentrations within the Fjord. This research highlights the potential use of the adaptive sensing platform in remote locations as a stand-alone platform and/or for the validation of deployable environmental sensor networks.

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Development of a Cost-Effective Sensing Platform for Monitoring Phosphate in Natural Waters

Cited by 14 publications

References 14 publications

Fabrication of Rugged and Reliable Fluidic Chips for Autonomous Environmental Analyzers Using Combined Thermal and Pressure Bonding of Polymethyl Methacrylate Layers

Fabrication of Rugged and Reliable Fluidic Chips for Autonomous Environmental Analyzers Using Combined Thermal and Pressure Bonding of Polymethyl Methacrylate Layers

A Low-Cost Smart Sensor Network for Catchment Monitoring

Nutrient Analysis in Arctic Waters Using a Portable Sensing Platform

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