Development of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of ultraviolet filters in beach sand samples

Tarazona, Isuha; Chisvert, Alberto; Salvador, Amparo

doi:10.1039/c4ay01403k

Cited by 29 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Similar concentration levels were found in other samples from Mediterranean and Atlantic coast beaches from Spain using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by GC–MS. EHS, HMS, 2HMC, and OCR were also the compounds found in most samples and at the highest concentrations (between 0.9 and 25 ng/g).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Different miniaturized extraction methodologies followed by GC–MS/MS analysis for the determination of UV filters in beach sand

Vila

Llompart

Garcı́a-Jares

et al. 2018

J of Separation Science

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Four different miniaturized methodologies were developed and applied to the analysis of 11 UV filters in sand samples. These approaches were based on ultrasound and vortex extractions, on-column lixiviation, and ultrasound extraction followed by solid-phase microextraction. Gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was used for quantitative analysis. The analytical performance provided by the four methods was evaluated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, and limits of quantification. Lixiviation was discarded since it provided the lowest recoveries and the highest limits of quantification. In contrast, ultrasound and vortex extractions, and ultrasound extraction followed by solid-phase microextraction were suitable, with recoveries in general >85% and limits of quantification at the low ng/g level. Moreover, ultrasound extraction followed by solid-phase microextraction allowed using external calibration with aqueous standards and it provided higher sensitivity, with limits of quantification in general one order of magnitude lower than those achieved with the other techniques. The methodologies were applied for the analysis of four marine sand samples, and the results were statistically compared performing an analysis of variance. Eight out of the eleven target UV filters were detected. Octocrylene was found at very high concentrations (up to 1000 ng/g) followed by ethylhexyl salicylate, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, homosalate, and 2-ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Different miniaturized extraction methodologies followed by GC–MS/MS analysis for the determination of UV filters in beach sand

Vila

Llompart

Garcı́a-Jares

et al. 2018

J of Separation Science

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“…In marine sediments maximum concentrations ranged from 7.90 ng g −1 d.w. to 150 ng g −1 d.w. for 4-MBC and ODP, respectively. Tarazona et al (2014) collected sand from four Spanish beaches and analyzed eight organic UV-filters. They found the maximum concentrations in the two most croweded beaches (ranged from 1.0 ± 0.1 ng g −1 d.w. to 25 ± 3 ng g −1 d.w. for BZ-3 and OCR, respectively.).…”

Section: Concentrations and Toxicity Of Organic Uv-filters In The Envmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are sunscreens a new environmental risk associated with coastal tourism?

Sánchez-Quiles

Tovar-Sánchez

2015

Environment International

201

131

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The world coastal-zone population and coastal tourism are expected to grow during this century. Associated with that, there will be an increase in the use of sunscreens and cosmetics with UV-filters in their formulation, which will make coastal regions worldwide susceptible to the impact of these cosmetics. Recent investigations indicate that organic and inorganic UV-filters, as well as many other components that are constituents of the sunscreens, reach the marine environment--directly as a consequence of water recreational activities and/or indirectly from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) effluents. Toxicity of organic and inorganic UV filters has been demonstrated in aquatic organism. UV-filters inhibit growth in marine phytoplankton and tend to bioaccumulate in the food webs. These findings together with coastal tourism data records highlight the potential risk that the increasing use of these cosmetics would have in coastal marine areas. Nevertheless, future investigations into distribution, residence time, aging, partitioning and speciation of their main components and by-products in the water column, persistence, accumulation and toxicity in the trophic chain, are needed to understand the magnitude and real impact of these emerging pollutants in the marine system.

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“…Previous DLLME methods reported mildly acidic pH having a slightly enhanced effect on extraction efficiency of UV filters containing phenolic moieties . To examine the effect of pH on the method, extractions were performed at pH 4, 6, 8, and 10.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Agitation of the extraction solution by vortex has been shown to have a substantial impact on extraction efficiency in DLLME methods . To ensure proper mixing of analytes and the hydrophobic IL phase, vortex times of 10–60 s were examined.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the chemical structures of ILs can be tailored with different functional groups to facilitate interactions with the analytes and achieve high extraction efficiency . The low vapor pressure of ILs allows them to be heated at high temperatures with little to no background interference, a property that can be exploited for headspace (HS)‐GC–MS applications . For the extraction of semivolatile analytes such as UV filters, higher temperatures can result in an increased sensitivity in HS‐GS–MS analyses .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rapid analysis of ultraviolet filters using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to headspace gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

Pierson

Trujillo−Rodríguez

Anderson

2018

J of Separation Science

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An ionic-liquid-based in situ dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method coupled to headspace gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was developed for the rapid analysis of ultraviolet filters. The chemical structures of five ionic liquids were specifically designed to incorporate various functional groups for the favorable extraction of the target analytes. Extraction parameters including ionic liquid mass, molar ratio of ionic liquid to metathesis reagent, vortex time, ionic strength, pH, and total sample volume were studied and optimized. The effect of the headspace temperature and volume during the headspace sampling step was also evaluated to increase the sensitivity of the method. The optimized procedure is fast as it only required ∼7-10 min per extraction and allowed for multiple extractions to be performed simultaneously. In addition, the method exhibited high precision, good linearity, and low limits of detection for six ultraviolet filters in aqueous samples. The developed method was applied to both pool and lake water samples attaining acceptable relative recovery values.

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Development of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of ultraviolet filters in beach sand samples

Abstract: An analytical method for the determination of eight fat-soluble ultraviolet (UV) filters in beach sand samples is presented for the first time.

Cited by 29 publications

References 35 publications

Different miniaturized extraction methodologies followed by GC–MS/MS analysis for the determination of UV filters in beach sand

Different miniaturized extraction methodologies followed by GC–MS/MS analysis for the determination of UV filters in beach sand

Are sunscreens a new environmental risk associated with coastal tourism?

Rapid analysis of ultraviolet filters using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to headspace gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

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