“…However, many railway operators still chose to have induction motors on their new vehicles, one reason being that every AVAF inverter requires a dedicated permanent magnet synchronous motor which bloats costs and secondly because powerful magnets require very careful maintenance. On induction motors, a "high efficiency induction motor [3]" featuring low-loss material, an optimum number of stator winding turns, a redesigned rotor, etc. was developed.…”