Development of a High Sensitivity Giant Magneto-Impedance Magnetometer: Comparison With a Commercial Flux-Gate

Dufaÿ, Bruno; Saez, Sébastien; Dolabdjian, Christophe; Yelon, A.; Ménard, David

doi:10.1109/tmag.2012.2219579

Cited by 56 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Despite agreement with experimental measurements in the white noise region, the previous model does not include the 1/f low frequency excess noise usually observed in measured spectra [4], [5], [6], [7]. Further improvement of GMI based magnetometers requires better understanding of the origins of this noise.…”

Section: Noise Model a White Noisementioning

confidence: 74%

“…Here, it is important to note that the sensitivity outside the central low field region is clearly overestimated by the model, as compared to measured impedance variations. Figure 3a shows the white noise level behavior for a given static working point for classical GMI and for off-diagonal Idc=4 mA Idc=6 mA Idc=10 mA Measure from [6] (b) Figure 3: Equivalent magnetic noise level, expressed as T/ √ Hz, versus applied magnetic field, assuming the following parameters: H k = 40 A/m, θ k = 85°, M S = 560 kA/m, l = 3 cm, a = 50 µm, excitation frequency f p = 1 MHz, coil turns, N = 600 turns, and considering the operating setup conditions presented in [8]. The curve in (a) are the white noise levels induced by electronic conditioning circuitry in classical and off-diagonal GMI configurations, assuming a DC bias current of I dc = 6 mA, calculated from Eq.…”

Section: ) Noise From Magnetization Fluctuations In Classical Gmimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(15) assuming the pessimistic upper limit for χ"(f ) = M s /H k = 14000. Square dots represent the measured values of the equivalent magnetic noise in the white noise region (a) and at 1 Hz (b) in the off-diagonal configuration from [6].…”

Section: ) Noise From Magnetization Fluctuations In Classical Gmimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most cases, the output noise spectral density can usually be separated into a low frequency, excess, 1/f , noise, and a white noise floor [4], [5], [6], [7]. As highlighted in previous work [8], the white noise floor is mostly limited by the electronic conditioning noise level.…”

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confidence: 96%

“…One approach to improvement of the sensitivity is the choice of a two-port network configuration, in which the GMI element is associated with a pick-up coil (this is sometimes referred to as off-diagonal GMI [9] or orthogonal flux-gate in the fundamental mode [10], [5]). A white noise model and expected performance of such a sensor have been presented in [6], [8].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Low Frequency Excess Noise Source Investigation of Off-Diagonal GMI-Based Magnetometers

et al. 2017

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Abstract-The equivalent magnetic noise spectral densities of off-diagonal GMI based magnetometers exhibit significant low frequency excess noise, proportional to 1/f noise. As it represents a serious limitation to the ultimate sensing performances of high sensitivity magnetometers, possible sources of this 1/f noise are under investigation. Low frequency magnetization fluctuations have been proposed as the noise source in the case of classical GMI-based sensors. Here, we apply this model to off-diagonal GMI-based magnetometers. This requires the inclusion of magnetization fluctuation noise sources, in addition to white noise sources from electronic conditioning in the GMI effect equations. A pessimistic scenario is presented, predicting the upper limit of low frequency excess noise from material characteristics. The equivalent magnetic noise level is then computed from the sensitivity of each term of the sensing element impedance matrix to the magnetization angle at the static working point (for both axial and circumferential static magnetic field) and to conditioning circuitry. Based on this, it appears that magnetization fluctuations similarly affect all modes of operation of the two-port network sensing element, inducing identical impedance fluctuations. It also appears that this noise depends only upon the static equilibrium condition. This condition is governed by the effective anisotropy of the magnetic wire and by both axial and circumferential static components of the working point.

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Section: Noise Model a White Noisementioning

confidence: 74%

Section: ) Noise From Magnetization Fluctuations In Classical Gmimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ) Noise From Magnetization Fluctuations In Classical Gmimentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 96%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low Frequency Excess Noise Source Investigation of Off-Diagonal GMI-Based Magnetometers

et al. 2017

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High‐sensitivity multifunctional spinner magnetometer using a magneto‐impedance sensor

Kodama

2017

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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A novel spinner magnetometer was developed with a wide dynamic range from 10 210 to 10 24 Am 2 and a resolution of 10 211 Am 2 . High sensitivity was achieved with the use of a magneto-impedance (MI) sensor, which is a compact, sensitive magnetic sensor used industrially. Its slow-spinning rate (5 Hz) and the incorporation of a unique mechanism for adjusting the spacing between the sensing unit and the spinning axis allows the measurement of fragile samples sized 10-50 mm. The sensor configuration, in which a pair of MI sensors is connected in opposite serial, along with an amplification circuit with a programmable low-pass filter, reduces the problems of external noise and sensor drift. The signal, with reference to the spinning frequency, is detected with a lock-in amplifier. The MI spinner has two selectable measurement modes: the fundamental mode (F mode) and the harmonic mode (H mode). Measurements in the F mode detect signals of the fundamental frequency (5 Hz), in the same way as conventional spinner magnetometers. In the H mode, the second (10 Hz) and the third (15 Hz) harmonic components are measured, in addition to the fundamental component. Tests in the H mode were performed using a small coil and a natural sample to simulate dipoles with various degrees of offset. The results revealed that the magnitude of the fundamental component of the offset dipole was systematically larger (by several percent) than that of the nonoffset dipole. These findings suggest that this novel MI spinner will be useful in estimating the inhomogeneity of the magnetization of a sample that can equivalently be described by an offset dipole.However, in light of both maintenance and cost, the development of a novel type of compact, costeffective SPM, with a sensitivity high enough to measure samples that would have necessitated the use of an SRM, would seem to be worthwhile. In addition, recent advances in the field of spintronics, a

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Magnetosensitive E‐Skins for Interactive Devices

Bermúdez

Makarov

2021

Adv Funct Materials

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Electronic skins (e‐skins) have established themselves as a versatile technology to restore or enhance human perception, and potentially enable softer robotics. So far, the focus has been mostly on reproducing the traditional functions associated with human skin, such as, temperature, pressure, and chemical detection. New developments have also introduced nonstandard sensing capabilities like magnetic field detection, to spawn the field of magnetosensitive e‐skins. Adding a supplementary information channel—an electronic sixth sense—allows humans to utilize the surrounding magnetic fields as stimuli for touchless interactions. Due to their vectorial nature, these stimuli can be used to track motion and orientation in 3D, opening the door to various kinds of gestural control for interactive devices. This approach to tracking provides an alternative or complement to optic‐based systems, which usually rely on cameras or infrared emitters, that cannot easily capture fine motion when objects are far from the source or the line‐of‐sight is obtruded. Here, the background, fabrication techniques, and recent advances of this field are reviewed; covering important aspects like: directional perception, geomagnetic field detection, on‐site conditioning, and multimodal approaches. The aim is to give the reader a general perspective and highlight some new avenues of research, toward artificial magnetoception.

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Development of a High Sensitivity Giant Magneto-Impedance Magnetometer: Comparison With a Commercial Flux-Gate

Cited by 56 publications

References 12 publications

Low Frequency Excess Noise Source Investigation of Off-Diagonal GMI-Based Magnetometers

Low Frequency Excess Noise Source Investigation of Off-Diagonal GMI-Based Magnetometers

High‐sensitivity multifunctional spinner magnetometer using a magneto‐impedance sensor

Magnetosensitive E‐Skins for Interactive Devices

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