“…Cavity receivers containing liquid-metal reflux components are ideal options for dish systems due to several advantages, such as blackbody effect, high thermal transfer ratio, and isothermal heat source for the engine (Moreno et al, 1991). A range of designs and thermal models for cavity receivers in dish systems have been developed using numerical and/or experimental methods (Adkins et al, 1995;Andraka et al, 1994;Bader et al, 2015;Daabo et al, 2016;Loni et al, 2018;Loni et al, 2017;Moreno et al, 1991;Paitoonsurikarn and Lovegrove, 2006a, b;Pavlovic et al, 2017;Pye et al, 2016;Reddy and Kumar, 2009;Reddy and Nataraj, 2018;Shuai et al, 2008;Taumoefolau et al, 2004;Wu et al, 2011;Zou et al, 2017). In early 1990s, the Sandia National Laboratory (SNL) (Moreno et al, 1991) demonstrated a 75-kW sodium heat pipe receiver in Sandia's nominal 75-kW parabolic-dish concentrator.…”