Development of a Method for the Observation of Lightning in Protoplanetary Disks Using Ion Lines

Muranushi, Takayuki; Akiyama, Eiji; Inutsuka, Shu‐ichiro; Nomura, Hideko; Okuzumi, Satoshi

doi:10.1088/0004-637x/815/2/84

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…If the gas is even slightly ionized, the field is rapidly neutralized by Ohmic currents (Muranushi 2010). Because of the large mean free path of electrons in PPD compared to that in the earth atmosphere, the breakdown field is very small, of the order of ∼10 V m −1 (Muranushi et al 2015), while on earth it is ∼ 10 6 V m −1 (Rakov 2013). This prevents a large electric field from building up, as small discharges always wipe it out.…”

Section: Neutralization Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The allowable electric field in the nebula is restricted by the dielectric strength of the molecular hydrogen. This limits the electric field inside vortices of the order of 10 V m −1 (0.14-30 V m −1 depending on the models of dielectric strength; Muranushi et al (2015). This field is so weak compared to a typical terrestrial thundercloud field of 1-2×10 5 V m −1 (Rakov 2013) that a large scale charge separation, 10 6 -10 8 m, is required to build an electric potential of 10 7 -10 9 V, typical of terrestrial thunderclouds.…”

Section: Lightning Discharge: Consistency With Our New Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bubbles to Chondrites-II. Chemical fractionations in chondrites

Hashimoto¹,

Nakano

2021

Prog Earth Planet Sci

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We attempt to develop a possible theory of chemical fractionations in chondrites, that is consistent with various features of chondritic components and current observation of protoplanetary disks (PPD). Combining the 3+2 component fitting calculation that simulates chondrule formation process proposed in paper (I) with additional mixing procedures, we investigate essential causes that made various types of chondrites evolve from the uniform solar system composition, the CI-chondritic composition. Seven chemical types of chondrites (CM, CV, CO, E, LL, L and H) are examined, for which reliable chemical compositions for both bulk chondrites and chondrules therein are known. High vaporization degree of the primordial dust aggregates (dustons) required by the calculation vindicates that the chondrule formation was the driving force for the chemical fractionations in all chondrites examined. Various initial redox states in dustons and different timings of CAIs’ invasion to the chondrule formation zone are identified for different chondrite types. These results, together with a good correlation with the D/H ratios of chondrites measured previously, lead us to the notion that PPD evolved from reducing to oxidizing. We explore the heating mechanism for the chondrule formation and the place it occurred. Only heat source being consistent with our chondrule formation model is lightning discharge. We postulate that large vortices encompassing the snow-line are ideal places for large charge separation to occur between dustons and small ice particles, and that direct strikes on dustons should make them boil for ten seconds and longer and allow a swarm of chondrules released from their surfaces. Chemical fractionations are completed by an aerodynamic separation of dustons from chondrules inside the vortex, in such a way that the dustons fall fast into the vortex center and form a planetesimal immediately, while chondrules with dust mantles fall slow and form a thin veneer on the planetesimal surface. During collisional episodes, the veneers are preferentially fragmented and reassemble themselves by a weak self-gravity to form a rubble-piled chondritic asteroid, i.e. chondrite.

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Section: Neutralization Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lightning Discharge: Consistency With Our New Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bubbles to Chondrites-II. Chemical fractionations in chondrites

Hashimoto¹,

Nakano

2021

Prog Earth Planet Sci

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“…Using ALMA, full-disk lightning will produce 100r signals at 56 pc (TW Hya, Fig. 17) and 20r signals at 140 pc (Orion nebula; see Muranushi et al 2015).…”

Section: Observation Of Lightning In Protoplanetary Disks By Ion Linesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Electrification in Dusty, Reactive Gases in the Solar System and Beyond

et al. 2016

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Detailed observations of the solar system planets reveal a wide variety of local atmospheric conditions. Astronomical observations have revealed a variety of extrasolar planets none of which resembles any of the solar system planets in full. Instead, the most massive amongst the extrasolar planets, the gas giants, appear very similar to the class of (young) brown dwarfs which are amongst the oldest objects in the Universe. Despite this diversity, solar system planets, extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs have broadly similar global temperatures between 300 and 2500 K. In consequence, clouds of different chemical species form in their atmospheres. While the details of these clouds differ, the fundamental physical processes are the same. Further to this, all these objects were observed to produce radio and X-ray emissions. While both kinds of radiation are well studied on Earth and to a lesser extent on the solar system planets, the occurrence of emissions that potentially originate from accelerated electrons on brown dwarfs, extrasolar planets and protoplanetary disks is not well understood yet. This paper offers an interdisciplinary view on electrification processes and their feedback on their hosting environment in meteorology, volcanology, planetology and research on extrasolar planets and planet formation.

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“…In this section, we report the experience of writing an astrophysics paper, titled "Observation of Lightning in Protoplanetary Disks by Ion Lines" [14]. Notably, the paper draft is written in the form of a Haskell program that performs calculations, plots figures, generates L A T E Xsources for the slides and the paper.…”

Section: Writing An Astrophysics Research Paper In Unittyped and Unitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We symbolically refer to a pretty-printer as pp. Several flavor of pps are used in the paper [14], 63 times in total.…”

Section: Dimension and Unit As Independent Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experience report

Muranushi

Eisenberg

2014

Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Haskell

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Many of the bugs in scientific programs have their roots in mistreatment of physical dimensions, via erroneous expressions in the quantity calculus. Now that the type system in the Glasgow Haskell Compiler is rich enough to support type-level integers and other promoted datatypes, we can type-check the quantity calculus in Haskell. In addition to basic dimension-aware arithmetic and unit conversions, our units library features an extensible system of dimensions and units, a notion of dimensions apart from that of units, and unit polymorphism designed to describe the laws of physics. We demonstrate the utility of units by writing an astrophysics research paper. This work is free of unit concerns because every quantity expression in the paper is rigorously type-checked.

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Development of a Method for the Observation of Lightning in Protoplanetary Disks Using Ion Lines

Cited by 6 publications

References 60 publications

Bubbles to Chondrites-II. Chemical fractionations in chondrites

Bubbles to Chondrites-II. Chemical fractionations in chondrites

Atmospheric Electrification in Dusty, Reactive Gases in the Solar System and Beyond

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