Development of a novel aerosol generation system for conducting inhalation exposures to ambient particulate matter (PM)

Abstract

In this study, we developed a novel method for generating aerosols that are representative of realworld ambient particulate matter (PM) in terms of both physical and chemical characteristics, with the ultimate objective of using them for inhalation exposure studies. The protocol included collection of ambient PM on filters using a high-volume sampler, which were then extracted with ultrapure Milli-Q water using vortexing and sonication. As an alternative approach for collection, ambient particles were directly captured into aqueous slurry samples using the versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system (VACES)/aerosol-into-liquid collector tandem technology. The aqueous samples from both collection protocols were then re-aerosolized using commercially available nebulizers. The physical characteristics (i.e., particle size distribution) of the generated aerosols were examined by the means of a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) connected to a condensation particle counter (CPC) at different compressed air pressures of the nebulizer, and dilution air flow rates. In addition, the collected PM samples (both ambient and re-aerosolized) were chemically analyzed for water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), inorganic ions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and metals and trace elements. Using the aqueous filter extracts, we were able to effectively recover the water-soluble components of ambient PM (e.g., water-soluble organic matter, and water-soluble inorganic ions); however, this method was deficient in recovering some of the important insoluble components such as EC, PAHs, and many of the redox-active trace elements and metals. In contrast, using the VACES/aerosol-into-liquid collector tandem technology for collecting ambient PM directly into water slurry, we were able to preserve the water-soluble and water-insoluble components very effectively. These results illustrate the superiority of the VACES/aerosol-into liquid collector tandem technology to be used in conjunction with the re-aerosolization setup to create aerosols that fully represent ambient PM, making it an attractive choice for application in inhalation exposure studies.

Air Pollution Particulate Matter Exposure and Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion and Measures of White Matter Injury in a Murine Model

“…The average particle size distribution of the exposure aerosol (Figure S1) was typical of PM in the Los Angeles air basin, an urban area affected by traffic emissions ( Hudda et al. 2010 ; Taghvaee et al. 2019 ).…”

An embryonic zebrafish model to screen disruption of gut-vascular-barriers upon exposure to ambient ultrafine particles

“…Precise descriptions of sample collection and extraction can be found in Taghvaee et al . [19] The aqueous suspensions of PM2.5 were chemically analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC), water-soluble inorganic ions, and metal elements by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. In summary, TOC content of the samples was quantified by means of a Sievers 900 TOC analyzer.…”

An Embryonic Zebrafish Model to Screen Disruption of Gut-Vascular Barrier upon Exposure to Ambient Ultrafine Particles

“…Following filter extraction, the highly concentrated aqueous suspensions of PM2.5 were diluted to provide the required slurry concentration and stored at −20 °C for experiments. Precise descriptions of sample collection and extraction can be found in Taghvaee et al [ 20 ]. The aqueous suspensions of PM2.5 were chemically analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC), water-soluble inorganic ions, and metal elements by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.…”