Development of a service-simulating, accelerated aging test method for exterior tire rubber compounds I. Cyclic aging

Huang, Deng; LaCount, Bart J; Castro, José M.; Ignatz‐Hoover, Frederick

doi:10.1016/s0141-3910(01)00185-9

Cited by 29 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…76 Ultraviolet radiation and sunlight promote oxidative degradation and destruct the antidegradants on the rubber surface. 77 Water and mud cause leaching of the soluble components from the rubber surface. Climate and weather conditions also contribute to tire rubber degradation as a composite result of the actions of sunlight, temperature, and water.…”

Section: ■ Areas Of Further Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and Health Impacts of Artificial Turf: A Review

Cheng¹,

Hu²,

Reinhard³

2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

116

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With significant water savings and low maintenance requirements, artificial turf is increasingly promoted as a replacement for natural grass on athletic fields and lawns. However, there remains the question of whether it is an environmentally friendly alternative to natural grass. The major concerns stem from the infill material that is typically derived from scrap tires. Tire rubber crumb contains a range of organic contaminants and heavy metals that can volatilize into the air and/or leach into the percolating rainwater, thereby posing a potential risk to the environment and human health. A limited number of studies have shown that the concentrations of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in the air above artificial turf fields were typically not higher than the local background, while the concentrations of heavy metals and organic contaminants in the field drainages were generally below the respective regulatory limits. Health risk assessment studies suggested that users of artificial turf fields, even professional athletes, were not exposed to elevated risks. Preliminary life cycle assessment suggested that the environmental impacts of artificial turf fields were lower than equivalent grass fields. Areas that need further research to better understand and mitigate the potential negative environmental impacts of artificial turf are identified.

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Section: ■ Areas Of Further Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and Health Impacts of Artificial Turf: A Review

Cheng¹,

Hu²,

Reinhard³

2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

116

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“…In general, the cross-linking reaction of the rubber is not the completed reaction. Therefore, a new cross-linking reaction is caused by aging and then the matrix cracks are caused from surface with the progress of the reaction [16]. On the other hand, the change in the surface structure did not occur in the humidity aged sample.…”

Section: Surface Morphology and Hardness Of The Polyketone/nrmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effects of Thermal and Humidity Aging on the Interfacial Adhesion of Polyketone Fiber Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites

Lee¹,

Kim²,

Won

et al. 2016

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Polyketone fiber is considered as a reinforcement of the mechanical rubber goods (MRG) such as tires, automobile hoses, and belts because of its high strength and modulus. In order to apply it to those purposes, the high adhesion of fiber/rubber interface and good sustainability to aging conditions are very important. In this study, polyketone fiber reinforced natural rubber composites were prepared and they were subjected to thermal and humidity aging, to assess the changes of the interfacial adhesion and material properties. Also, the effect of adhesive primer treatment, based on the resorcinol formaldehyde resin and latex (RFL), of polyketone fiber for high interfacial adhesion was evaluated. Morphological and property changes of the rubber composites were analyzed by using various instrumental analyses. As a result, the rubber composite was aged largely by thermal aging at high temperature rather than humidity aging condition. Interfacial adhesion of the polyketone/NR composites was improved by the primer treatment and its effect was maintained in aging conditions.

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“…Thus, the consumption of 6PPD was significant, since the test started in November of 2011 until February 2013, with temperature variation from 7.3 °C to 29.3 °C, comprising two summer seasons with temperature variations between 17 °C and 29.3 °C 27 . In such a climate, the surface temperature of rubber specimens reaches as high as 50°C under direct sunlight 28 . Since temperature increases, the heat may contribute to the stabilizing additive to migrate to the surface and subsequently reacting with the oxygen in the outer region of the elastomer 29 , being consumed.…”

Section: Environmental Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The combination of the additives might be the reason for better withstanding property in natural weathering 30 . The antioxidant can deactivate the absorbed light, thereby reducing radical formation, which also resulted in the reduction of photooxidation 28,30 .…”

Section: Environmental Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aging mechanism in this scenario is caused by temperature 32 . The stress and elongation at break of aged specimens were reduced by thermal aging 33 and the phenomenon can be attributed to the scission of poly and disulfide bonds and the formation of additional monosulfide bonds. The scission of poly and disulfide bonds is caused by the stabilizer hydrogen atoms in a condition, where the vulcanized elastomer and the stabilizer form a redox system, as shown in Figure 16 33 .…”

Section: Thermo-oxidative Aging In Ovenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Stabilizing Additives Content in the Mechanical Properties of Elastomeric Compositions Subject to Environmental and Accelerated Aging

et al. 2020

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This research aimed to evaluate the ideal proportion of two stabilizers in elastomeric compositions indicated for tire sidewall. The stabilizers applied in different proportions were N-1,3-dimethyl-butyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and oligomerized 2,2,4-trimethyl-quinoline (TMQ). Nine compositions were prepared with 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 phr of 6PPD combined with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 phr of TMQ. The compounds were exposed to accelerated aging processes, including thermo-oxidative, photochemical and ozone chamber. Also, the samples were aged in the environment for 440 days. At regular intervals, the samples were evaluated. Gas chromatography was used to quantify the content of 6PPD. Overall, the samples exposed to thermo-oxidative aging showed the greatest loss of mechanical properties (tear and tensile strength) as well as the 6PPD content. From the mechanical strength results, it was possible to conclude that the best combination of stabilizers was 2.5 phr of 6PPD and 1.0 of TMQ.

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Development of a service-simulating, accelerated aging test method for exterior tire rubber compounds I. Cyclic aging

Cited by 29 publications

References 1 publication

Environmental and Health Impacts of Artificial Turf: A Review

Environmental and Health Impacts of Artificial Turf: A Review

Effects of Thermal and Humidity Aging on the Interfacial Adhesion of Polyketone Fiber Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites

Evaluation of Stabilizing Additives Content in the Mechanical Properties of Elastomeric Compositions Subject to Environmental and Accelerated Aging

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