Development of a solvent-free polylactide/calcium carbonate composite for selective laser sintering of bone tissue engineering scaffolds

Gayer, Christoph; Ritter, Jessica; Bullemer, Martin; Grom, Stefanie; Jauer, Lucas; Meiners, Wilhelm; Pfister, Andreas; Reinauer, Frank; Vučak, Marijan; Wissenbach, Konrad; Fischer, Horst; Poprawe, Reinhart; Schleifenbaum, Johannes Henrich

doi:10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.101

Cited by 100 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Moreover, cryogenic milling [18,19], a melt emulsification process [20], co-extrusion [21], spray agglomeration, spray drying [22], or precipitation based processes [23][24][25] have been reported. Among the various researched materials for PBF are, e.g., polypropylene [26,27], polyethylene [28], polystyrene [29], polybutylene terephthalate [21], PAEKs [11,30,31], polyphenylene sulfide [32], and polylactide [19,25], to only name a few. Despite the good mechanical properties of POM, its high stiffness, high creep resistance, intrinsic whiteness, and low coefficient of friction, reports on PBF of POM are scarce, with only a patent application for POM PBF powders [33] and publications by Rietzel et al [34,35].…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of Polyoxymethylene Particles via the Solution-Dissolution Process and Application to the Powder Bed Fusion of Polymers

2020

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In this study, the development of a polyoxymethylene (POM) feedstock material for the powder bed fusion (PBF) of polymers is outlined. POM particles are obtained via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and precipitation, also known as the solution-dissolution process. In order to identify suitable POM solvent systems for LLPS and precipitation, in the first step, a solvent screening based on solubility parameters was performed, and acetophenone and triacetin were identified as the most promising suitable moderate solvents for POM. Cloud point curves were measured for both solvents to derive suitable temperature profiles and polymer concentrations for the solution-dissolution process. In the next step, important process parameters, namely POM concentration and stirring conditions, were studied to elucidate their effect on the product’s properties. The product particles obtained from both aforementioned solvents were characterized with regard to their morphology and size distribution, as well as their thermal properties (cf. the PBF processing window) and compared to a cryo-milled POM PBF feedstock. Both solvents allowed for precipitation of POM particles of an appropriate size distribution for PBF for polymer concentrations of at least up to 20 wt.%. Finally, a larger powder batch for application in the PBF process was produced by precipitation from the preferred solvent acetophenone. This POM powder was further analyzed concerning its flowability, Hausner ratio, and mass-specific surface area. Finally, test specimens, namely a complex gyroid body and a detailed ornament, were successfully manufactured from this feedstock powder showing appropriate bulk solid and thermal properties to demonstrate PBF processability. In summary, a processable and suitable POM PBF feedstock could be developed based on the non-mechanical solution dissolution process, which, to the authors’ best knowledge, has not been reported in previous studies.

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confidence: 99%

Development of Polyoxymethylene Particles via the Solution-Dissolution Process and Application to the Powder Bed Fusion of Polymers

2020

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“…Depending on the powder's particle size, the micro-porosity, roughness, and mechanical properties can be tuned [33]. However, control over powder formation with precise particle shape and size is difficult without using toxic solvents, and hence mechanical milling is generally used at the expense of loss of control over powder geometry [34].…”

Section: Process and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Process and Material PLA is a thermoplastic widely used for 3D additive manufacturing. It is adaptable and has been used together with SLS [34,142], FDM [143][144][145][146][147][148][149], and light-assisted techniques [61,150]. For light-assisted fabrication, photopolymerizable PLA can be synthesized by methacrylation and mixed with a photo-initiator to form light active photoresin.…”

Section: Polylactic Acid (Pla)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PLA has the highest mechanical strength of all biodegradable polymers, with a tensile modulus of 3-4 GPa, tensile strength of 50-70 MPa, flexural modulus of 4-5 GPa, and flexural strength of 100 MPa [34], suitable for bone tissue engineering applications [152]. It is however brittle with low impact toughness and an elongation at break of 2-10% [34]. This can be improved and tuned by blending PLA with other materials such as PCL, PGA, and polyurethane for stiffening and hardening [153].…”

Section: Structural and Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This can be improved and tuned by blending PLA with other materials such as PCL, PGA, and polyurethane for stiffening and hardening [153]. Concerning SLS of PLA powders, PLA was combined with calcium carbonate powder to lower bending strength to 75 MPa [34]. On the other hand in FDM of PLA, materials such as nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) [147,148] and graphene oxide (GO) [147,149] can be mixed into the filament to enhance mechanical properties.…”

Section: Structural and Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Engineered 3D Polymer and Hydrogel Microenvironments for Cell Culture Applications

2019

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The realization of biomimetic microenvironments for cell biology applications such as organ-on-chip, in vitro drug screening, and tissue engineering is one of the most fascinating research areas in the field of bioengineering. The continuous evolution of additive manufacturing techniques provides the tools to engineer these architectures at different scales. Moreover, it is now possible to tailor their biomechanical and topological properties while taking inspiration from the characteristics of the extracellular matrix, the three-dimensional scaffold in which cells proliferate, migrate, and differentiate. In such context, there is therefore a continuous quest for synthetic and nature-derived composite materials that must hold biocompatible, biodegradable, bioactive features and also be compatible with the envisioned fabrication strategy. The structure of the current review is intended to provide to both micro-engineers and cell biologists a comparative overview of the characteristics, advantages, and drawbacks of the major 3D printing techniques, the most promising biomaterials candidates, and the trade-offs that must be considered in order to replicate the properties of natural microenvironments.

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Processing of Biomaterials by Additive Manufacturing

Riju,

Arulvel,

Rufuss

et al. 2024

Advances in Additive Manufacturing

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Development of a solvent-free polylactide/calcium carbonate composite for selective laser sintering of bone tissue engineering scaffolds

Cited by 100 publications

References 67 publications

Development of Polyoxymethylene Particles via the Solution-Dissolution Process and Application to the Powder Bed Fusion of Polymers

Development of Polyoxymethylene Particles via the Solution-Dissolution Process and Application to the Powder Bed Fusion of Polymers

Engineered 3D Polymer and Hydrogel Microenvironments for Cell Culture Applications

Processing of Biomaterials by Additive Manufacturing

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