Development of aminoglycoside and β-lactamase resistance among intestinal microbiota of swine treated with lincomycin, chlortetracycline, and amoxicillin

Abstract

Lincomycin, chlortetracycline, and amoxicillin are commonly used antimicrobials for growth promotion and infectious disease prophylaxis in swine production. In this study, we investigated the shifts and resistance development among intestinal microbiota in pregnant sows before and after lincomycin, chlortetracycline, and amoxicillin treatment by using phylogenetic analysis, bacterial enumeration, and PCR. After the antimicrobial treatment, shifts in microbial community, an increased proportion of resistant bacteria, and genes related to antimicrobial resistance as compared to the day before antimicrobial administration (day 0) were observed. Importantly, a positive correlation between antimicrobial resistance gene expression in different categories, especially those encoding aminoglycoside and β-lactamase and antimicrobial resistance, was observed. These findings demonstrate an important role of antimicrobial usage in animals in the development of antimicrobial resistance, and support the notion that prudent use of antimicrobials in swine is needed to reduce the risk of the emergence of multi-drug resistant zoonotic pathogens.

Low-Concentration Ciprofloxacin Selects Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Encoding Genes and Affects Bacterial Taxa in Soil Containing Manure

“…Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to screen the major PMQR genes qnrA , qnrB , qnrC , qnrD , qnrS , qepA , aac(6 ′ )-Ib-cr , and oqxA as previously described (Sun et al, 2014). To ensure reproducibility, three replicate assays for each sample were performed in parallel with positive and negative controls in each run.…”

“…PMQR and 16S rRNA genes were further quantified by real time qPCR using SYBR Premix Ex Taq (TAKARA Bio, Otsushi, Japan) in a Bio-Rad iQ5 thermal cycler according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Hercules, CA, USA). A eubacterial 16S rRNA gene (Sun et al, 2014) was also quantified so that ARGs could be normalized to the total bacterial community. Cycling conditions were as follows: 94°C for 5 min followed by 35 cycles at 94°C for 1 min, 60°C for 1 min and 72°C for 1 min with a final extension at 72°C for 5 min.…”

Gut Microbiomes of Pigs Grown in Organic and Conventional Dietary Regimens

“…Similar results have been reported by Gerzova et al (2015) [23] who also did not find much difference between the abundance of tested antibiotic resistance genes in microbiota originating from organic or conventionally housed pigs in various countries. In one study conducted in China [34], evaluated the effect of feeding lincomycin hydrochloride (500 mg/kg; 447 feed), chlortetracycline (100 mg/kg) feed, and amoxicillin (500 mg/kg; 448 feed) to sows before farrowing over a 12-day period. Using real-time PCR [34] showed greater numbers of aminoglycoside, lincomycin, macrolide, and tetracycline resistance genes following antibiotic treatment in swine gut.…”

“…In one study conducted in China [34], evaluated the effect of feeding lincomycin hydrochloride (500 mg/kg; 447 feed), chlortetracycline (100 mg/kg) feed, and amoxicillin (500 mg/kg; 448 feed) to sows before farrowing over a 12-day period. Using real-time PCR [34] showed greater numbers of aminoglycoside, lincomycin, macrolide, and tetracycline resistance genes following antibiotic treatment in swine gut. This could be because of administration of large concentrations of the antibiotics to sows.…”

A glimpse of the future in animal nutrition science. 1. Past and future challenges

“…Antibiotics modify the bacteria environment and the microorganism that, due to random mutations, survive and reproduce despite the drug, may carry genes that confer antibiotic resistance to the entire lineage. Antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) develop in the gastrointestinal tract of treated animals, where bacteria proliferation is highly favored (Sun et al, 2014). Contamination and diffusion of ARB from livestock to humans is facilitated by the transfer of resistance genes between bacterial species contracted by humans through the food chain or through infected animals, their feces, or contaminated environments (Cheney et al, 2015).…”