Development of Ammonia Based Fuels for Environmentally Friendly Power Generation

Karabeyoğlu, Arif; Evans, Brian; Stevens, J. G.; Cantwell, Brian; Ca, Sunnyvale; Micheletti, Dave; Mt, Butte

doi:10.2514/6.2012-4055

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Groups that have shown some development on the understanding of these systems are limited [16,18,22,23]. To the best knowledge of the authors, SPG Advanced Propulsion and Energy [18,19] are the only company claiming developments close to commercialisation. Their findings show how higher mass flow rates are required to achieve similar power outputs if compared to methane, but at the same time the outlet temperatures are lower.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…More recently, a number of different approaches have been followed to use ammonia as a flexible fuel in gas turbines. Karabeyoglu et al [19] present some important issues of using NH 3 , arguing that toxicity and low energy density are the major problems. In 1991, the Italian power generator ENEL undertook a research program on gas turbine challenges associated with flexibility using gaseous blends that included ammonia, citing emissions as the biggest problem [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Ammonia–methane combustion in tangential swirl burners for gas turbine power generation

et al. 2017

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h i g h l i g h t sAmmonia can become a new energy vector for large scale power generation. Ammonia fuelled gas turbines have been barely studied. Scarce literature exist. Current research provides findings that show NH 3 potential as gas turbines fuel. Unfortunately, weak flame stability and high emissions are still restrictive. Stratified injection with low swirl might be the best way to use these blends. a b s t r a c tAmmonia has been proposed as a potential energy storage medium in the transition towards a lowcarbon economy. This paper details experimental results and numerical calculations obtained to progress towards optimisation of fuel injection and fluidic stabilisation in swirl burners with ammonia as the primary fuel. A generic tangential swirl burner has been employed to determine flame stability and emissions produced at different equivalence ratios using ammonia-methane blends. Experiments were performed under atmospheric and medium pressurised conditions using gas analysis and chemiluminescence to quantify emission concentrations and OH production zones respectively. Numerical calculations using GASEQ and CHEMKIN-PRO were performed to complement, compare with and extend experimental findings, hence improving understanding concerning the evolution of species when fuelling on ammonia blends. It is concluded that a fully premixed injection strategy is not appropriate for optimised ammonia combustion and that high flame instabilities can be produced at medium swirl numbers, hence necessitating lower swirl and a different injection strategy for optimised power generation utilising ammonia fuel blends.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Ammonia–methane combustion in tangential swirl burners for gas turbine power generation

et al. 2017

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“…However, the low cost of fossil fuels led to the end of these programs that would be eventually re-activated a few decades later. More recently, a number of different approaches have been followed to use ammonia as a flexible fuel in gas turbines, with most of them finding that emissions are the main concern when burning ammonia directly [6][7][8][9][10]. The work from the Space Propulsion Group (SPG) [6][7] has demonstrated the challenges of the use of ammonia as fuel for propulsion gas turbines, thus leading to the development of new combustion systems based on porous materials that can efficiently burn ammonia blends, although this is achieved only at low power outputs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Premixed ammonia/hydrogen swirl combustion under rich fuel conditions for gas turbines operation

Valera‐Medina

Guteša²,

Xiao

et al. 2019

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

225

107

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Energy storage is one of the highest priority challenges in transitioning to a low-carbon economy.Fluctuating, intermittent primary renewable sources such as wind and solar require low-carbon storage options to enable effective load matching, ensuring security of supply. Chemical storage is one such option, with low or zero carbon fuels such as hydrogen, alcohols and ammonia having been proposed.Ammonia provides zero-carbon hydrogen storage whilst offering liquefaction at relatively low pressures and atmospheric temperatures, enabling ease of transportation in a pre-existing infrastructure. Ammonia can also be used directly as a fuel in power plants such as gas turbines to avoid complete conversion back to hydrogen. It is a relatively unreactive fuel, and so it is of interest to explore the potential utilisation of ammonia/hydrogen mixtures. Hence, the goal of this paper is to provide a first assessment of the suitability of a chosen 70%NH3-30%H2 (%vol) blend for utilisation within a gas turbine environment, based on primary combustion diagnostics including combustion stabilityvia OH chemiluminescence -and emissions (NOx and NH3). An established optical generic swirl-burner enabled studies of the influence of equivalence ratio (φ >1), ambient temperature (<484±10 K) and bypass air, with a focus on NOx reduction, one of the main challenges for ammonia combustion. A numerical GT cycle model is developed alongside the experimental investigation. The results demonstrate that the blend has considerable potential as a fuel substitute with reasonable combustion stability and significant reduction of emissions for the cases without bypass air, due to increased chemical reactivity of unburned ammonia. However, emissions are still above those recommended for gas turbine cycles, with a theoretical cycle that still produces low efficiencies compared to DLN methane, highlighting the requirement for new injection techniques to reduce NOx/unburned NH3 in the flue gases whilst ensuring increased power outputs.

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“…127,128 Recently, a number of studies have been performed considering NH 3 a flexible fuel for gas turbine applications. 129,130 They reported that the associated emissions with the combustion of ammonia limits the wide application of such fuel technology. The upper and lower concentrations of NH 3 by volume in air, corresponding to the upper and lower flammability limits under atmospheric conditions, were found to be 33.5% and 14.8%, respectively.…”

Section: Ammonia Combustionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…131 Preheating of the reactants resulted in wider operability limits, whereas the presence of water vapor restricts the operability limits. SPG Advanced Propulsion and Energy 129,130 is one of few companies that tried to produce commercial systems for NH 3 combustion. They presented a series of reports summarizing the challenges involved in the development of a reliable NH 3 combustion technology, including (a) slower reactivity and, accordingly, lower combustion temperature, (b) combustion instabilities, (c) vaporization approach of NH 3 for improved combustion, and (d) cracking of NH 3 upstream of the burner for enhanced burning velocity.…”

Section: Ammonia Combustionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontiers in combustion techniques and burner designs for emissions control and CO₂capture: A review

et al. 2019

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Summary The use of fossil fuel is expected to increase significantly by midcentury because of the large rise in the world energy demand despite the effective integration of renewable energies in the energy production sector. This increase, alongside with the development of stricter emission regulations, forced the manufacturers of combustion systems, especially gas turbines, to develop novel combustion techniques for the control of NOx and CO2 emissions, the latter being a greenhouse gas responsible for more than 60% to the global warming problem. The present review addresses different burner designs and combustion techniques for clean power production in gas turbines. Combustion and emission characteristics, flame instabilities, and solution techniques are presented, such as lean premixed air‐fuel (LPM) and premixed oxy‐fuel combustion techniques, and the combustor performance is compared for both cases. The fuel flexibility approach is also reviewed, as one of the combustion techniques for controlling emissions and reducing flame instabilities, focusing on the hydrogen‐enrichment and the integrated fuel‐flexible premixed oxy‐combustion approaches. State‐of‐the‐art burner designs for gas turbine combustion applications are reviewed in this study, including stagnation point reverse flow (SPRF) burner, dry low NOx (DLN) and dry low‐emission (DLE) burners, EnVironmental burners (including EV, AEV, and SEV burners), perforated plate (PP) burner, and micromixer (MM) burner. Special emphasis is made on the MM combustor technology, as one of the most recent advances in gas turbines for stable premixed flame operation with wide turndown and effective control of NOx emissions. Since the generation of pure oxygen is prerequisite to oxy‐combustion, oxygen‐separation membranes became of immense importance either for air separation for clean oxy‐combustion applications or for conversion/splitting of the effluent CO2 into useful chemical and energy products. The different carbon‐capture technologies, along with the most recent carbon‐utilization approaches towards CO2 emissions control, are also reviewed.

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Development of Ammonia Based Fuels for Environmentally Friendly Power Generation

Cited by 19 publications

References 3 publications

Ammonia–methane combustion in tangential swirl burners for gas turbine power generation

Ammonia–methane combustion in tangential swirl burners for gas turbine power generation

Premixed ammonia/hydrogen swirl combustion under rich fuel conditions for gas turbines operation

Frontiers in combustion techniques and burner designs for emissions control and CO₂capture: A review

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Development of Ammonia Based Fuels for Environmentally Friendly Power Generation

Cited by 19 publications

References 3 publications

Ammonia–methane combustion in tangential swirl burners for gas turbine power generation

Ammonia–methane combustion in tangential swirl burners for gas turbine power generation

Premixed ammonia/hydrogen swirl combustion under rich fuel conditions for gas turbines operation

Frontiers in combustion techniques and burner designs for emissions control and CO2capture: A review

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Product

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Frontiers in combustion techniques and burner designs for emissions control and CO₂capture: A review