Development of an integrated, single electrode liquid sampling – atmospheric pressure glow discharge microplasma ionization source

Williams, Tyler J.; Marcus, R. Kenneth

doi:10.1016/j.sab.2020.105994

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…An evaluation of the LS-APGD discharge conditions was conducted using a design of experiments (DOE) protocol generated within JMP Pro (Cary, NC). Previous LS-APGD-OES/MS efforts have used this general approach to source optimization when single-electrode (cathode) source geometries were employed. ,, This experimental methodology allows for the evaluation of an individual parameters’ contribution (influence) to 242 Pu 16 O 2 + responsivity without overlooking interparametric effects. As with previous DOE with the LS-APGD, ,,− a cursory screening of conditions was performed to map out the experimental design space (i.e., relevant parameters).…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After optimizing mass spectrometer settings, parametric optimization of the microplasma source was conducted using a design of experiments protocol. While the design of experiments (DOE) protocol has been used previously for the optimization of the original LS-APGD design, ,,− this is the first time that a DOE has been used to optimize the dual-electrode version of the LS-APGD. After verifying the significant discharge conditions during the execution of the DOE protocol, additional studies were performed to optimize each significant discharge condition.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Initial Characterization and Optimization of the Liquid Sampling-Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge Ionization Source Coupled to an Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer for the Determination of Plutonium

Manard

Ticknor

et al. 2023

Anal. Chem.

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Plutonium measurements are essential to the nuclear forensics and safeguards community. The liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge (LS-APGD) microplasma ionization source coupled with an Orbitrap mass spectrometer is a proven platform for uranium isotope ratio determinations. This work expands the LS-APGD-Orbitrap platform capabilities by reporting the firstever analysis of plutonium with the LS-APGD and the first-ever measurement of elemental plutonium with an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. This coupling has the potential to dramatically reduce the complex sample manipulations required for traditional analysis techniques employed for actinide isotope ratio determinations. As a first step toward the goal of simultaneous uranium and plutonium isotope ratio determinations, the initial characterization and optimization of the platform for the detection of plutonium are reported. Collision-induced dissociation modality settings were optimized to reduce water-related and other molecular clusters containing plutonium, maximizing 242 Pu 16 O 2 + responses. A design of experiments study was conducted to optimize the discharge conditions of the dual-electrode LS-APGD toward the responsivity of 242 Pu 16 O 2 + . The measurement sensitivity was determined from a Pu response curve, yielding a limit of detection of 10 fg (absolute) of total analyte when data was collected and processed with a Spectroswiss FTMS Booster X2 data acquisition system. Additionally, plutonium and uranium were measured in a simultaneous acquisition, and each analyte remained unaffected by the other. It is believed that the LS-APGD-Orbitrap platform could be a valuable addition to the nuclear forensics' toolbox and, indeed, other scientific disciplines and regulatory communities in which rapid, high-resolution plutonium determinations are paramount.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial Characterization and Optimization of the Liquid Sampling-Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge Ionization Source Coupled to an Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer for the Determination of Plutonium

Manard

Ticknor

et al. 2023

Anal. Chem.

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“…While shown to perform well across various MS applications, efforts to improve upon the initial design of this system have been ongoing. A new, integrated, single electrode design was recently described by Williams et al 45 in which the plasma is generated between the solution electrode and the sampling orifice of the mass spectrometer. This design involved fewer system components and moving parts, simplifying the ionisation source.…”

Section: Liquids Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomic spectrometry update: review of advances in atomic spectrometry and related techniques

Evans

Pisonero

Smith

et al. 2022

J. Anal. At. Spectrom.

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“…In simplest terms, and with reference to Figure 1, the source is composed of a solution electrode and a counter electrode generally mounted in a perpendicular arrangement. (Other geometries inclusive of having no counter electrode [Williams & Marcus, 2021] and versions having up to four counter electrodes [Hoegg et al, 2020] have been described, but are beyond the basic description here.) The solution electrode is a fused silica capillary of ~200 μm i.d.…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of the TSQ, as would be expected, focused first on the use of its flexible MS/MS capabilities (Williams & Marcus, 2019), along with much higher sensitivity and dynamic range than the ion trap. This combination allows for extensive plasma characterization studies, such as used in the evaluation of the single, integrated electrode geometry LS‐APGD (Williams & Marcus, 2021). MS/MS analysis allow for identification of diverse atmospheric and solvent related species, which otherwise were simply dissociated via in‐source methods.…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined atomic and molecular (CAM) ionization with the liquid sampling‐atmospheric pressure glow discharge microplasma

Marcus

Hoegg

Hall

et al. 2021

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

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In a world where information‐rich methods of analysis are often sought over those with superior figures of merit, there is a constant search for ionization methods which can be applied across diverse analytical systems. The liquid sampling‐atmospheric pressure glow discharge (LS‐APGD) is a microplasma device which has the inherent capabilities to operate as a combined atomic and molecular (CAM) ionization source. The plasma is sustained by placement of a high voltage (~500 V, dc) onto an electrolytic solution through which the analyte is generally delivered to the discharge. Judicious choice of the solvent provides a means of obtaining atomic/elemental and/or molecular mass spectra. Presented here are the diverse modes of sample introduction and mass spectrometer platforms to which the LS‐APGD has been interfaced. Likewise, representative spectra and figures of merit are presented towards elemental and isotope ratio measurements, as well as application to small organic molecules, organometallic complexes, and intact proteins. It is believed that the diversity of analytical applications and ready implementation across the entirety of mass spectrometry platforms portends a level of versatility not realized with other ionization sources.

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Development of an integrated, single electrode liquid sampling – atmospheric pressure glow discharge microplasma ionization source

Cited by 5 publications

References 35 publications

Initial Characterization and Optimization of the Liquid Sampling-Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge Ionization Source Coupled to an Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer for the Determination of Plutonium

Initial Characterization and Optimization of the Liquid Sampling-Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge Ionization Source Coupled to an Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer for the Determination of Plutonium

Atomic spectrometry update: review of advances in atomic spectrometry and related techniques

Combined atomic and molecular (CAM) ionization with the liquid sampling‐atmospheric pressure glow discharge microplasma

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