“…Radar back scattering from a snow surface depends upon the dielectric constant of the 20 surface (Tiuri et al, 1984;Ulaby and Stiles, 1980;Rott, 1984), its roughness properties, and the geometry of the scattering (Evans, 1963;Ambach, 1980;Nyfors, 1982;Hallikainen et al, 1986;Matzler, 1987). Many mathematical models of surface scattering have been developed, some based on physical laws, some on empirical data fitting, and some on a combination of the two (Rees, 2006;Strozzi, 1996;Strozzi and 25 Matzler, 1998).…”