“…5,6) Negative ions with high energy (>100 keV) have higher neutralisation efficiency in comparison with positive ions, 7,8) so that a negative ion-based neutral beam injector (NBI) has been intensively developed to penetrate the beam particles deep inside of the magnetically confined plasmas. To date, negative ion-based NBIs with filament-arc discharge systems have achieved sufficiently well-focused beams with beam divergences of 5 mrad on the JT-60U, 9) and 4.1 mrad and 6.1 mrad in the horizontal and the vertical directions, respectively, on the LHD. 10) On the other hand, the negative ion sources for the ITER project are the RF driven sources developed by the Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Garching.…”