Development of Bioassessment Tools for Ecological Status Using Macrozoobenthic Community in Upstream Area (Case Study: Citarum River, West Java, Indonesia)

Abstract

This research aims to develop an assessment tool of ecological status in the upstream area using macrozoobenthic community and its relationship to the physicochemical parameters of water and sediment, in Citarum River. The number of species and abundance of macrozoobenthos in the dry season was higher compared to rainy season. The predominant family (Pachychilidae, Hydropsychidae, Glossiphonidae, and Chironomidae) obtained in both season was significantly correlated with the physicochemical parameter. Based on the Shannon-Wiener index, diversity in upstream area of Citarum River during the dry season (1.68) was similar with the rainy season (1.80) and it showed that the diversity of macrozoobenthic community was moderately diverse in both seasons. The physicochemical parameters that strongly related with the presence and abundance of predominant macrozoobenthic taxa were turbidity, total suspended solid (TSS), total nitrogen, total phosphate, gravel particle, and organic carbon. By considering biological and physicochemical parameters obtained from this study, we developed a modified scoring system to assess the ecological status of upstream area in Citarum River. Based on the scoring system, the ecological status was quite polluted in dry season (2.19) and moderately polluted in rainy season (4.94).

Determinant Parameters for Upstream Ecological Status Assessment of Citarum River, Indonesia

“…The matrix contains the range of values for each physicochemical parameter and the abundance of predominant macrozoobenthos which determine the ecological status. The determination of the concentration range of physicochemical parameters is based partly on literature studies such as total sediment nitrogen and percent of gravel [7]; TSS [7,16,17]; conductivity [16,17]; and NO3, NO2, BOD, NH3 [17].…”

“…The ecological status of the upstream area of Citarum River basin was determined by a scoring system developed by Chazanah et al [7] as shown in Table 2 and calculated according to Eq. (1).…”

“…The scoring result indicates that the ecological status of all stations in the dry season ranged from slightly polluted to moderately polluted while in the rainy season ranged from quite polluted to moderately polluted [7]. This is phenomenon occurs as during the rainy season, the runoff from the rainwater brought eroded particles as well as fertilizers from farming activities from the surrounding the area [18,19].…”

“…It uses several physicochemical parameters, such as; total suspended solid (TSS), turbidity and total phosphate. Since water quality changes will affect the sedimentary particles in the river, the scoring system also considered sediment physicochemical parameters such as the percentage of CarbonOrganic, total nitrogen, and the percentage of gravel whereas the biological parameters considered in the scoring system including diversity and abundance of macrozoobenthic fauna [7].…”

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“…Makroinvertebrata dapat digunakan untuk memantau kualitas air berdasarkan faktor biologis. Apabila dibandingkan dengan indikator fisika dan kimia, makroinvertebrata menjadi salah satu pilihan sebagai bioindikator yang akurat dan dapat mengintegrasikan kualitas dari suatu perairan (Chazanah et al, 2017). Makroinvertebrata memiliki kisaran toleransi yang berbeda-beda terhadap lingkungan dan sangat peka terhadap perubahan kualitas air di habitatnya sehingga akan berpengaruh terhadap komposisi dan kelimpahan pada komunitasnya (Hendrasarie, 2019).…”