Development of clean technology in alcohol fermentation industry

Bioethanol as fuel for internal combustion engines

“…Forestry wastes include logging residues as well as wood which is not used and thus left in the forest. MSW contains high percentages of cellulosic materials, such as paper and cardboard [3].…”

“…Although solid fuels were used in the past for railway trains, they are not applied for transport uses since a long time. However, apart from the phase of matter generally two basically different types of fuels exist: fuels made from fossil resources and biofuels made from renewable resources [1][2][3].…”

Comparison of Ozonation and Evaporation as Treatment Methods of Recycled Water for Bioethanol Fermentation Process

“…The presence of phenols and melanoidins are responsible for the dark brown color [1,11,12]. Chemical characteristics of the stillage differ, depending on the bioethanol feedstock, including chemical oxygen demand (COD) (15-176 gO 2 /L), biological oxygen demand (BOD) (7-96 gO 2 /L), total nitrogen content (0.2-4.2 g/L), total phosphate content (0.2-3.0 g/L), potassium (0.9-17.5 g/L) and sulfate content (2-6 g/L) [12,13]. Treatments such as aerobic and anaerobic digestion, oxidation, adsorption, coagulation/ flocculation, membrane separation, evaporation can be used to reduce the organic load of the stillage.…”

“…Others attempt to implement combination of treatment technologies like biological-physical process, namely a two stage anaerobic digestion and a centrifugation stage between the two anaerobic digestion stages [7,[17][18][19][20]. Furthermore a two-step physical processes, like filtration and evaporation [21] as well as centrifugation and membrane filters [13] were studied. In this paper a biological-chemical and a biological-physical treatment processes are proposed.…”

Palmyrah Distillery Spent Wash for Ethanol Production by a Thermotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae S1 at 40°C

“…Distillery effluents may be treated or re-utilized to alleviate environmental problems 23 . A number of approaches may be adopted to clean up spent wash. For example, filtering the spent wash and reusing the permeate in the cooking process of the raw materials 12 , bioremediation and decolourization 14,17 , using the distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in poultry feeding 22 , production of biomass and volatile oils 13 , subjecting to liquid hot water pre-treatment and ammonia fibre expansion in addition to enzyme treatments 11 . Research has concentrated on the development of value-added products from spent wash such as fertilizer, SCP (single cell protein) and biogas by anaerobic digestion 5 .…”