Development of cranial muscles in the actinopterygian fish Senegal bichir,Polypterus senegalusCuvier, 1829

Abstract

Polypterus senegalus Cuvier, 1829 is one of the most basal living actinopterygian fish and a member of the Actinopterygii. We analyzed the spatial and temporal pattern of cranial muscle development of P. senegalus using whole-mount immunostaining and serial sectioning. We described the detailed structure of the external gill muscles which divided into dorsal and ventral parts after yolk exhaustion. The pattern of the division is similar to that of urodeles. We suggest that, the external gill muscles of P. senegalus are involved in spreading and folding of the external gill stem and the branches. The fibers of the external gill muscles appear postero-lateral to the auditory capsule. In addition, the facial nerve passes through the external gills. Therefore, the external gill muscles are probably derived from the m. constrictor hyoideus dorsalis. In contrast to previous studies, we described the mm. interhyoideus and hyohyoideus fibers as independent components in the yolk-sac larvae. The m. hyohyoideus fibers appear lateral to the edge of the ventral portion of the external gill muscles, which are probably derived from the m. constrictor hyoideus dorsalis. These findings suggest that the m. hyohyoidues is derived from the m. constrictor hyoideus dorsalis in P. senegalus. In other actinopterygians, the m. hyohyoideus is derived from the m. constrictor hyoideus ventralis; therefore, the homology of the m. hyohyoidues of P. senegalus and other actinopterygians remains unclear. J. Morphol. 278:450-463, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Development of the muscles associated with the mandibular and hyoid arches in the Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii (Acipenseriformes: Acipenseridae)

“…The same pattern is shown by our ontogenetic series of Acipenser . We observed first muscle differentiation in the opercular flap (Figure d) with no clear origin from the dorsal and ventral anlagen, which is very similar to the pattern showed by Noda et al () for Polypterus . Later in ontogeny, the m. hyohyoideus is confluent and appears derived from both anlagen, before the upper portion in even more advanced stages attaches to the subopercle to form the m. opercularis .…”

“…Recently Noda et al () concluded that the m. hyohyoideus in Polypterus senegalus , another basal actinopterygian, is derived from the dorsal hyoid constrictor anlage and therefore not homologous to that of other actinopterygians. However, in a recent paper (Konstantinidis et al, ) it was shown, that in Lepisosteus osseus , the m. hyohyoideus covers the entire opercular membrane in larvae around 10 mm NL.…”

Cephalic muscle development in the Australian lungfish,Neoceratodus forsteri

“…In most amphibians investigated by Ziermann (), the mandibular and hyoid arch muscles develop more or less simultaneously, with a delay in the development of the branchial arch muscles. The hypobranchial muscles also usually develop later than the mandibular and hyoid arch muscles in N. forsteri and amphibians (present study; Ericsson et al, ; Ziermann, ), as well as in the small‐spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula (Ziermann et al, ) and the Senegal bichir Polypterus senegalus (Noda et al, ), with what we assume to be the ancestral condition for gnathostomes.…”

“…This evidence taken all together-the large number of soft tissue similarities between extant amphibians and extant lungfishes, the sister group relationship between lungfishes and tetrapods supported by molecular data, the large genome, and the disturbed thyroid axis-all support the hypothesis that living lungfishes are neotenic (see also Bemis, 1984;Joss, 1998Joss, , 2006Long, 1993;Smith, 1977). hyoid muscles (Xenopus: Ziermann & Olsson, 2007), or after the hyoid muscles but simultaneously with mandibular muscles (Polypterus senegalus: Noda et al, 2017). However, most commonly extrinsic eye muscles are the last to show fiber development (Neoceratodus forsteri, caudates, anurans, Monodelphis domestica: present study ;Ericsson et al, 2010;Smith, 1994;Ziermann, 2008).…”

Craniofacial skeleton of MEXICAN tetra (Astyanax mexicanus): As a bone disease model

“…Several teleost fish species have already been identified as animal models for craniofacial research. This includes zebrafish (Yelick and Schilling, ; Stock, ; Mork and Crump, ), medaka (Kimura et al, ; Atukorala et al, ; Witten et al, ), cichlids (Fraser et al, ; Powder and Albertson, ), stickleback (Kimmel et al, ; Ellis et al, ), carp (Gidmark et al, , ), Polypterus (Vandenplas et al, ; Noda et al, ) and many others (Meredith and Butler, ; Ferry et al, ; Staab et al, ; Lyon et al, ; Edds‐Walton et al, ; Fritsch et al, ; Thiery et al, ).…”