Development of Delivery of Services from Ocean Observing Systems - An Opportunity to Promote Common Approaches for a Global Ocean Observing System

Abstract

In the last decade, there has been tremendous development of regional ocean observing systems (ROOS) that provide information on ocean conditions immediately adjacent to the world's population centers. As these systems mature, it is vital to ensure that the ability to deliver societal services is adequately supported by the systems. This paper reviews developments in several areas that influence that ability. The first are the governance and organizational structures that have been created to guide the implementation of three ROOSs -in Europe, the United States, and Australia. The degree to which they provide a mechanism for engaging a broad range of service providers and addressing a variety of research issues is examined to identify similarities and differences in approaches. As ocean observing systems have matured, it has been recognized that to simultaneously engage and support a range of societal service providers, careful attention to regional-scale information management practices is needed, for unlike the governance and organizational structures that permit tailoring to fit regional needs, information management practices must be interoperable to accommodate interactions of providers on local to global scales. The pros and cons of different approaches to ROOS development, including observing, model and information management components being adopted by these and other regional systems are explored. There is an opportunity in the coming decade to promote development of new, sustained observations and an information services interface that unites the global, regional and coastal systems to support a broad range of societal service providers in a fairly seamless fashion. The need for integration from global to coastal services will become more urgent as communities face the need to adapt to climate change in the ocean. Data assimilation, reanalysis and prediction models provide a critical link between global observing and applications at a regional or local scale.

Information infrastructure for Australia’s Integrated Marine Observing System

“…In contrast, 85 % of the population live within 50 km of the coast. Now in its 10th year, the Australian Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) was established to address the requirements of the marine and climate science community, and contribute to international ocean observing programs Hill et al 2010;Seim et al 2010;Lynch et al 2014). IMOS, with a focus on sustained observing of the ocean, is a component of the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) 9 funded by the Department of Education of the Australian Government.…”

Untitled

“…Despite her rulers" statements, albeit self-confident, Poland was seeking discretely the assistance of the two major Western Powers. Ironically enough, it was J. Beck, once regarded as pro-German 108 , who inaugurated such a policy 109 ; and, whatever the facts of the matter, he decided, after British pressure on him, to embark on a Polish-Russian rapprochement 110 . On the 10 th of May, 1939, the Soviet legation in Warsaw was re-opened.…”

A cobalt(ii)heteroarylalkenolate precursor for homogeneous Co3O4 coatings by atomic layer deposition

“…Therefore, it is important to design new and improved precursor molecules that can broaden the material and process variety in this emerging ALD field. The preparation of cobalt oxide by ALD has been previously demonstrated using a wide variety of precursors including oxygen-coordinated compounds: Co(thd) 2 (Hthd=2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptan-3,5-dione)) 11,12 and Co (acac) 3 13 (acac= acetylacetonate), halides as CoI 2 14 and organometallics Co(Cp) 2 (Cp= cyclopentadienyl) [15][16][17][18][19] . Another interesting and evolving family of ALD precursors is the nitrogen-coordinated precursors (alkylamides, silylamides and amidinates, aromatic heterocycles) which have been studied for the deposition of several metals and metal oxides [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] but it has been barely explored for the case of Co. [28][29][30] In addition, the air instability of many Co compounds led to increased focus on research of precursors using new ligand systems.…”