Development of foam shells for cryogenic laser fusion target

Chen, C.; Norimatsu, T.; Takagi, Masaru; Katayama, H.; Yamanaka, Tatsuhiko; Nakai, S.

doi:10.1116/1.577511

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The cross-linked acrylic polymer made by this technique exhibited a fine structure of $200 nm. 58,59 Borisenko et al reported a polymer derived density gradient polyacrylate foam in a one-step interfacial polymerization process. 60,61 The components of that density gradient foam are 1,2-dichloromethane as the solvent, SnCl 2 as the initiator, and divinylbenzene as the monomer.…”

Section: A Polyacrylatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Poly(4-vinylphenol) has been used as a coating layer by adding a phase transfer crosslinker of m-phthaloyldichloride. 58,59,131 The coating layer in this application was necessary to act as a gas barrier for foam-coated cryogenic targets. In order to produce such a barrier for RF aerogels, phase-transfer catalysis polymerization was used simultaneously during the gelation process.…”

Section: F Membrane On the Porous Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of low density porous materials used in laser plasma experiments

2018

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This review describes and categorizes the synthesis and properties of low density porous materials, which are commonly referred to as foams and are utilized for laser plasma experiments. By focusing a high-power laser on a small target composed of these materials, high energy and density states can be produced. In the past decade or so, various new target fabrication techniques have been developed by many laboratories that use high energy lasers and consequently, many publications and reviews followed these developments. However, the emphasis so far has been on targets that did not utilize low density porous materials. This review therefore, attempts to redress this balance and endeavors to review low density materials used in laser plasma experiments in recent years. The emphasis of this review will be on aspects of low density materials that are of relevance to high energy laser plasma experiments. Aspects of low density materials such as densities, elemental compositions, macroscopic structures, nanostructures, and characterization of these materials will be covered. Also, there will be a brief mention of how these aspects affect the results in laser plasma experiments and the constrictions that these requirements put on the fabrication of low density materials relevant to this field. This review is written from the chemists' point of view to aid physicists and the new comers to this field.

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Section: A Polyacrylatementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: F Membrane On the Porous Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of low density porous materials used in laser plasma experiments

2018

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“…In general, micrometer‐size spheres are facilely obtained by those methods. Recently, millimeter‐size shells have begun to raise attention for their special applications in laser fusion experiments or as mandrels for ICF targets . In particular, in IFE experiments, a higher yield energy can be obtained with millimeter‐size shells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication by photoinitiated polymerization and characterization of millimeter‐size poly(divinyl benzene) hollow foam shells

Yang

Luo

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this study, millimeter-size compound droplets were prepared easily by a one-step microfluidic method. We varied the diameter and wall thickness of the shells over a wide range by setting the flow rate. Poly(divinyl benzene) (PDVB) shells with a 3-4.8 mm diameter were fabricated through photopolymerization and supercritical drying. The gel point of photopolymerization was monitored by a rotational rheometer. Moreover, the influence of the oil-soluble photoinitiator phenyl bis(2,4,6-trimethyl benzoyl) phosphine oxide (BAPO) on the properties of the foam shell were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen sorption measurements. Significant differences in the mechanical properties and porous features were obtained for different BAPO concentrations. The surface areas of the foam shells decreased, and the densities of the foam shells increased with increasing BAPO concentration. In addition, the nonconcentricity and out-of-roundness values were mainly less than 7 and 3%, respectively, for most of the shells. The results indicate that the PDVB hollow foam shells are a promising inertial fusion energy target.

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“…Hollow and porous particles ranging from nanometers to millimeters in diameter comprise an important class of materials that are used in a wide variety of applications. For example, metal and polymer shells in the nanometer-to-micrometer size range are used as sensors, , drug delivery vehicles, − catalysts, , thermal insulators, , and opacifying and acoustic absorption agents. − Hollow polymer particles that are hundreds of micrometers to several millimeters in diameter are used in foods, for drug encapsulation, , and as cryogenic capsules for laser fusion experiments. − To create hollow particles with new or tailored physical and chemical properties, the particle size, shape, thickness, porosity, surface topology, and composition need to be controlled. In some applications, control over the shell thickness uniformity (concentricity) and particle roundness (sphericity) is especially important.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymerization of Electric Field-Centered Double Emulsion Droplets to Create Polyacrylate Shells

Tucker‐Schwartz¹,

Bei²,

Garrell³

et al. 2010

Langmuir

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Porous and hollow particles are widely used in pharmaceuticals, as solid phases for chromatography, as catalyst supports, in bioanalytical assays and medical diagnostics, and in many other applications. By controlling size, shape, and chemistry, it is possible to tune the physical and chemical properties of the particles. In some applications of millimeter-scale hollow shells, such as in high energy density physics, controlling the shell thickness uniformity (concentricity) and roundness (sphericity) becomes particularly important. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of using electric field-driven droplet centering to form highly spherical and concentric polymerizable double emulsion (DE) droplets that can be subsequently photopolymerized into polymer shells. Specifically, when placed under the influence of an ∼6 × 10(4) V(rms)/m field at 20 MHz, DE droplets, consisting of silicone oil as the inner droplet and tripropylene glycol diacrylate with a photoinitiator in N,N-dimethylacetamide as the outer droplet, suspended in ambient silicone oil, were found to undergo electric field-driven centering into droplets with ≥98% sphericity and ∼98% concentricity. The centered DE droplets were photopolymerized in the presence of the electric field. The high degrees of sphericity and concentricity were maintained in the polymerized particles. The poly(propylene glycol diacrylate) capsules are just within the sphericity requirements needed for inertial confinement fusion experiments. They were slightly outside the concentricity requirement. These results suggest that electric field-driven centering and polymerization of double emulsions could be very useful for synthesizing hollow polymer particles for applications in high energy density physics experiments and other applications of concentric polymer shells.

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Development of foam shells for cryogenic laser fusion target

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

A review of low density porous materials used in laser plasma experiments

A review of low density porous materials used in laser plasma experiments

Fabrication by photoinitiated polymerization and characterization of millimeter‐size poly(divinyl benzene) hollow foam shells

Polymerization of Electric Field-Centered Double Emulsion Droplets to Create Polyacrylate Shells

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