Development of forced flow cooled current leads for fusion magnets

Heller, R.; Fink, S.; Friesinger, G.; Kienzler, A.; Lingor, A.; Schleinkofer, G.; Susser, Mervyn; Ulbricht, A.; Wüchner, F.; Zahn, G.

doi:10.1016/s0011-2275(01)00093-5

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…At every loop the heat transfer coefficient can be estimated using data of the previous iteration and applying the following relationships (5) that is the so-called Dittus-Boelter correlation valid for or (6) that is valid for [12].…”

Section: Theoretical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This solution has been chosen to guarantee a wide surface for heat transfer and uniform flow conditions along the flow path. Moreover, a reduction in the manufacture cost is expected with respect to other solutions that relies on finned bars or zig-zag approaches [2]- [5]. In this regard it should be mentioned that although in the literature a large amount of papers have been dedicated to the design of current leads of this class (30 kA) [2]- [9], however the spiral configuration, here analysed, has not received great attention (see for instance [3] and [10]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heat Exchanger Design for the 30 kA Gas Cooled Current Leads in the ENEA 12 T CICC Facility

Polli

Affinito

Corte

2011

IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.

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The preliminary design of the heat exchanger part for the pair of 30 kA hybrid current leads that will be installed in the ENEA 12 T CICC facility is presented. To limit the overall length and the amount of cooling gas to be employed, a hybrid resistive/HTS configuration has been conceived. Regarding the resistive part, a screw-like solution has been adopted for the following reasons: first to guarantee that helium would wet all the finned surfaces of the heat exchanger limiting possible short-path typically present in braided solutions, then to guarantee a proper insulation by creating a counter screw that seals this component and finally to limit the manufacture cost. Starting from the conceptual design were the hybrid model has been studied, in the present paper the resistive section is analysed in greater detail making use of a dedicated 1-D convective tool and 3-D finite element analyses.

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Section: Theoretical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Exchanger Design for the 30 kA Gas Cooled Current Leads in the ENEA 12 T CICC Facility

Polli

Affinito

Corte

2011

IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.

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“…The perforated plate heat exchangers have been used in the past in all forced-flow cooled current leads constructed and operated at the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe [2]. The plate heat exchanger is used in the 13 kA HTS current lead for the LHC project at CERN [3].…”

Section: Heat Exchanger Mock-upsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of Heat Exchanger Models in Upside-Down Orientation for the Use in HTS Current Leads for W7-X

Lietzow¹,

Heller²,

Neumann³

2008

AIP Conference Proceedings

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The superconducting magnet system of the W7-X stellarator requires 7 pairs of current leads designed for a maximum current of 18.2 kA. Special design feature is the installation of the current leads in upside-down orientation, i.e., the low temperature end is at the top and the room temperature end at the bottom side. This could lead to the problem of free convection inside the heat exchanger (HEX) due to density gradients of the helium between 4.5 and 300 K. The free convection would lead to a higher amount of He mass flow rate required for cooling. To overcome the problem it was decided to use HTSmaterial. The current lead can then be cooled with 50 K helium resulting in a drastically reduced density gradient between 50 K and 300 K.Up to now it is hard to predict to what degree this effect would be in a current lead heat exchanger. In the paper the performance of HEX mock-ups built of different HEX types will be described. The tests were performed with helium cooling of various temperatures in normal and upside-down orientation. These results will be used to select the HEX type for the W7-X current leads.

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“…This method is implemented afterwards to evaluate the leads' performance under different cooling options [37,38] and simulate the loss of flow accident [39]. Second, a thermal-hydraulic CURLEAD code based on the finite difference method (FDM) initially developed by KIT [40] has been applied to predict the operating parameters of kA-class binary current leads in steady mode [41,42] and pulsed mode [43,44]. Third, 2D and 3D models developed by the finite element method are also deployed to obtain detailed local thermal and magnetic field distributions of the final design before fabrication [33,[45][46][47].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The design of YBCO binary current leads and its electromagnetic-thermal coupling analysis based on PEEC and finite volume method

Zheng

Liu

Song

et al. 2023

Supercond. Sci. Technol.

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A superconducting magnet system is developed for the application of high frequency gyrotrons at XXX. The operation cost for the magnet is dominated by refrigeration power. To reduce the heat load for cryogenic system, a pair of YBCO binary current leads is designed in consideration of the industrial concentration on type II high temperature superconducting (HTS) YBCO material. In this paper, a simulation model is proposed to perform the electromagnetic-thermal coupling analysis of these YBCO binary leads under different operation conditions by combining Partial Element Equivalent Circuit (PEEC) method and Finite Volume Method (FVM). The simulation code can improve computational efficiency and enable high-accuracy coupling between the electromagnetic field and heat transfer process. Under steady state, the heat leakage at 4.2 K cold end of YBCO binary leads depends mainly on the geometric parameters of YBCO tape, especially the cross-sectional area of the copper layer in YBCO tape. The cooling mode and liquid helium level also have a significant impact on the heat leakage level. The optimal outer diameter of the normal copper section is identified, and the optimum value is largely influenced by the effective cooling power imposed on the cold end of the normal copper section. Under transient state, the simulation for charging process and the loss of cooling accident are performed, along with the detailed analysis of the electromagnetic-thermal response features of the leads under these conditions. The results indicate that the YBCO binary current leads possess high thermal stability and an ample time margin for the magnet system to be demagnetized.

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Development of forced flow cooled current leads for fusion magnets

Cited by 17 publications

References 7 publications

Heat Exchanger Design for the 30 kA Gas Cooled Current Leads in the ENEA 12 T CICC Facility

Heat Exchanger Design for the 30 kA Gas Cooled Current Leads in the ENEA 12 T CICC Facility

Performance of Heat Exchanger Models in Upside-Down Orientation for the Use in HTS Current Leads for W7-X

The design of YBCO binary current leads and its electromagnetic-thermal coupling analysis based on PEEC and finite volume method

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