Development of General Exposure Factors for Risk Assessment in Korean Children

Yoon, Hyojung; Yoo, Sun-Kyoung; Seo, Jungkwan; Kim, Taksoo; Kim, Pyeongsoon; Kim, Pilje; Park, Jinhyeon; Heo, Jung Sun; Yang, Wonho

doi:10.3390/ijerph17061988

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Dias and Tchepel [ 41 ] suggested that the spatio-temporal variability of urban air pollution, as well as indoor exposure and time–activity patterns, should be measured to assess exposure at the individual scale. The indoor environment is important, as it represents the environment in which individuals spend approximately 90% of their time [ 42 , 43 , 44 ]. Therefore, indoor air pollution may have a higher explanatory power than its outdoor counterpart in the evaluation of air pollution exposure for a population [ 45 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The population may be classified into a subset of groups based on socio-demographic characteristics and time-activity patterns that produce similar exposure scenarios; this includes pre-school children, school students, housewives, office workers, and the elderly. The pollutant level exposure of the population may be estimated by integrating their exposure scenarios [42,44]. A new methodology was tested in Madrid, Spain to improve the estimation of population dynamics.…”

Section: Exposure Scenario Using Time-activity Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Health Surveillance System for a Population Using Advanced Exposure Assessment

Yang

Park

Cho

et al. 2020

Toxics

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Human exposure to air pollution is a major public health concern. Environmental policymakers have been implementing various strategies to reduce exposure, including the 10th-day-no-driving system. To assess exposure of an entire population of a community in a highly polluted area, pollutant concentrations in microenvironments and population time–activity patterns are required. To date, population exposure to air pollutants has been assessed using air monitoring data from fixed atmospheric monitoring stations, atmospheric dispersion modeling, or spatial interpolation techniques for pollutant concentrations. This is coupled with census data, administrative registers, and data on the patterns of the time-based activities at the individual scale. Recent technologies such as sensors, the Internet of Things (IoT), communications technology, and artificial intelligence enable the accurate evaluation of air pollution exposure for a population in an environmental health context. In this study, the latest trends in published papers on the assessment of population exposure to air pollution were reviewed. Subsequently, this study proposes a methodology that will enable policymakers to develop an environmental health surveillance system that evaluates the distribution of air pollution exposure for a population within a target area and establish countermeasures based on advanced exposure assessment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exposure Scenario Using Time-activity Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Health Surveillance System for a Population Using Advanced Exposure Assessment

Yang

Park

Cho

et al. 2020

Toxics

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“…Similarly, the population in Korea is divided into different age groups for exposure assessment based on age, physiological status, and consumption patterns. These groups include toddlers (> 2 years; 12.2 kg; 0.41 L/day), children (3-12 years; 26.0 kg; 0.72 L/day), adolescents (13-18 years; 58.2 kg; 0.97 L/day), and adults (≥ 19 years; 62.8 kg; 1.50 L/day), and the data on exposure factors were recently been updated 147,148 . In Japan, adults, both males (64.0 kg) and females (52.7 kg), have relatively low drinking water intake, approximately at 0.67 L/day 149 .…”

Section: Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the “forever chemicals”, PFOA and PFOS exposure in drinking water

Wee,

Aris

2023

npj Clean Water

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Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), known as the most detected per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in various environmental compartments, have been associated with plastic pollution and endocrine dysfunction. Over the past 180 years (1839–2019), numerous emerging contaminants have been identified, with PFOA and PFOS receiving considerable attention based on scientific evidence and publications. Between 2018 and 2019, PFOA and PFOS experienced a relatively high increase rate of 18.8% and 13.6%, respectively. While developed countries have made progress in establishing stringent guidelines, developing and underdeveloped countries often lack regulations and mechanisms to address emerging PFAS. Furthermore, advancements in PFAS removal technologies are needed to improve their efficacy and feasibility. The establishment of regulatory compliances, along with exposure assessment and risk characterization, is essential for providing precautionary advice on water source protection, water supply security, health risks, treatment efficiency, and contamination forecasting. However, a more comprehensive approach and database for evaluating exposure and risks are still imperative to effectively combat PFAS contamination in drinking water. Therefore, this review aims to enhance environmental monitoring and management practices in response to the global crisis of PFAS contamination. The analysis of Needs, Approaches, Benefits, and Challenges (NABC) is grounded in the current trends of PFAS in the environment and human exposure through drinking water.

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“…Exposure factor resources have been developed in Europe [ 5 – 7 ], the United States [ 2 ], Canada [ 8 ], Australia [ 9 ], China [ 10 ], Japan [ 11 ], and Korea [ 12 , 13 ]. Synchronizing and integrating exposure factors across countries is necessary to develop standardized methodologies and protocols for collecting and analyzing data while respecting the inherent variability of exposure factors and characterizing the variability and uncertainty of these data [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Updated general exposure factors for risk assessment in the Korean population

Yoon

Seo

Yoo

et al. 2022

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Background There has been an increasing need to update the recommended values of Korean exposure factors for adults aged 19 and older, as using exposure factors developed over a decade ago could reduce risk assessment reliability. Objective Exposure factor data have been compiled and standardized using the latest national statistical reports and academic literature, as well as studies conducted from 2016 to 2018. Methods The updated data contained anthropometric parameters, inhalation rates, food and drinking water ingestion rates, and time-activity patterns and provided technical information on Koreans’ exposure factors classified by sex, age group, per capita and general population, and doer-only for various exposure assessments. Results Although the average life expectancy, body weight, body surface area, and inhalation rate increased slightly compared to the 2007 Korean Exposure Factor Handbook, differences various in food consumption were remarkable. Because of Asians’ similar food preferences, the intake rate of grain products and vegetables in Koreans, Chinese, and Japanese contributed much toward total intake. Koreans spent half their times outdoors compared to Americans and Chinese. Significance This study provided the currently updated exposure factor information for Koreans and could be compared with recommendations provided by exposure factor resources in various countries. Impact statement Exposure to environmental pollutants may significantly vary depending on the exposure factors related to human behaviors and characteristics. Therefore the exposure factors need to be continuously updated along with more extensive survey areas and improved measurement methods. We utilized the existing data with the aim to develop general exposure factors for risk assessment in Korean aged ≥19 years. Measurements and questionnaire surveys were also performed if there were no existing data. This study provided the currently updated exposure factor information for Koreans and could be compared to those of other countries.

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Development of General Exposure Factors for Risk Assessment in Korean Children

Cited by 16 publications

References 21 publications

Environmental Health Surveillance System for a Population Using Advanced Exposure Assessment

Environmental Health Surveillance System for a Population Using Advanced Exposure Assessment

Revisiting the “forever chemicals”, PFOA and PFOS exposure in drinking water

Updated general exposure factors for risk assessment in the Korean population

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