Development of Lepidium sativum Extracts/PVA Electrospun Nanofibers as Wound Healing Dressing

Abstract

Lepidium sativum L. (Garden cress/Hab El Rashad) (Ls), family Brassicaceae, has considerable importance in traditional medicine worldwide because of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Ls fruits were used in Ayurvedic medicines as a useful drug for injuries, skin, and eye diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the total ethanol extract (TEE) and polysaccharide (Poly) of Ls seeds loaded on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers (NFs) as a wound healing dressing and to correlate the activity with the constituents of each. TEE and Poly were phytochemically analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analysis proved the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, triterpenes, and mucilage. Meanwhile, quantitative determinations were carried out spectrophotometrically for total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for TEE identified 15 phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds, with gallic acid and catechin as the majors. Separation, purification, and identification of the major compounds were achieved through a Puriflash system, column Sephadex LH20, and spectroscopic data ( 1 H, 13 C NMR, and UV). Eight compounds (gallic acid, catechin, rutin, kaempferol-3- O -rutinoside, quercetin-3- O -rhamnoside, kaempferol-3- O -rhamnoside, quercetin, and kaempferol) were obtained. Gas–liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis for Poly identified 11 compounds, with galactose being the main. The antioxidant activity for both extracts was measured by three different methods based on different mechanisms: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS). TEE has the highest effectiveness as an antioxidant agent with IC 50 82.6 ± 8.35 μg/mL for DPPH and 772.47 and 758.92 μM Trolox equivalent/mg extract for FRAP and ABTS, respectively. The PVA nanofibers (NFs) for each sample were fabricated by electrospinning. The fabricated NFs were characterized by SEM and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); the results revealed successful encapsulation of TEE and Poly in the prepared NFs. Moreover, the swelling index of TEE in the prepared NFs shows that it is the most appropriate for use as a wound dressing. Cytotoxicity studies indicated a high cell viability with IC 50 216 μg/mL and 1750 μg/mL for TEE and Poly, respectively. Moreover, the results revealed that nanofibers possess higher cell viability compared to solutions with the same sample quantities: 9-folds for TEE and 4-folds for Poly of amount 400 μg. The in vitro wound healing test showed that the TEE nanofibers performed better than Poly nanofibers in accelerating wound healing, with 90% for TEE, more than that for the Poly extract (82%), after 48 h. These findings implied that the incor...

Rapid Sublingual Delivery of Piroxicam from Electrospun Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex Nanofibers

“…Px preservation in the fibers was explored after six months of incubation at RT through NMR analysis. Figure 8 shows the 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra of HP-β-CD and Px:HP-β-CD fibers (0.5:1) produced. The methyl (−CH 3 ) protons peak of the hydroxypropyl group (HP-β-CD) appeared at 1 ppm, while the backbone proton peaks of HP-β-CD appeared between 3 and 6 ppm.…”

“…Aromatic protons in the pyridine ring of Px were visible between 7.24 and 7.27 ppm. 13 C NMR of the Px/HP-β-CD nanofibers showed a peak at 40.5 ppm due to CH 3 of HP-β-CD and Px, and the peaks between 116.7 and 135.3 ppm can be denoted as the aromatic carbon atoms of Px, while the carbonyl carbon of Px appeared at 167.3 ppm. The appearance of Px peaks in the HP-β-CD fibers after 6 months of incubation clearly shows the preservation of Px within the fibers.…”

“…The data were analyzed using high X′Pert HighScore analysis software (version 2.0a). 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR analysis of the samples was performed on an Agilent VNMRS 500 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. The samples were dissolved in D 2 O.…”

“…The samples were dissolved in D 2 O. Each spectrum consisted of 128 scans for 1 H and 8000 scans for 13 C analysis.…”

“…The electrospinning technique offers great potential for the development of nanofibrous oral drug carriers. In this regard, electrospun nanofibers could be produced using a single fluid, , coaxial, triaxial, and other complex processes . Such processes lead to various structures from hollow to Janus and their combinations .…”