“…S. biformis feeds on young plants by lacerating the green tissue of leaves, and outbreaks have often been reported in China, India, and Bangladesh (Nugaliyadde and Heinrichs 1984, Dale 1994, Pathak and Khan 1994. Since the 1990s, numerous rice genotypes expressing various insect-active crystal (Cry) proteins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) (referred as Bt rice hereafter) have been developed with resistance to one or more rice lepidopterous pests, the most important of which are the yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertula (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), the striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), and the leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guené e) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (reviewed by Breitler et al 2004, High et al 2004, Ramesh et al 2004, Riaz et al 2006, Tang et al 2006, Rahman et al 2007. Since the late 1990s, Þeld trials of various Bt rice genotypes expressing Cry1Ab protein (Shu et al 2000;Ye et al 2001aYe et al , 2003, a fusion protein of Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac (Ye et al 2001b), Cry2A, Cry1Ac, and Cry9C , Cry1C (Tang et al 2006), and a fusion protein of Cry1Ac/CpTI (Han et al 2007) have been conducted in China.…”