Development of lattice-inserted 5-Fluorouracil-hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as a chemotherapeutic delivery system

Abstract

Developing an effective vehicle for cancer treatment, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were fabricated for drug delivery. When 5-Fluorouracil, a major chemoagent, is combined with hydroxyapatite nanocarriers by interclay insertion, the modified hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have superior lysosomal degradation profiles, which could be leveraged as controlled drug release. The decomposition of the hydroxyapatite nanocarriers facilitates the release of 5-Fluorouracil into the cytoplasm causing cell death. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles with/without 5-Fluorouracil were synthesized and analyzed in this study. Their crystallization properties and chemical composition were examined by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. The 5-Fluorouracil release rate was determined by UV spectroscopy. The biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite-5-Fluorouracil extraction solution was assessed using 3T3 cells via a WST-8 assay. The effect of hydroxyapatite-5-Fluorouracil particles which directly work on the human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells was evaluated by a lactate dehydrogenase assay via contact cultivation. A 5-Fluorouracil-absorbed hydroxyapatite particles were also tested. Overall, hydroxyapatite-5-Fluorouracils were prepared using a co-precipitation method wherein 5-Fluorouracil was intercalated in the hydroxyapatite lattice as determined by X-ray diffraction. Energy dispersive scanning examination showed the 5-Fluorouracil content was higher in hydroxyapatite-5-Fluorouracil than in a prepared absorption formulation. With 5-Fluorouracil insertion in the lattice, the widths of the a and c axial constants of the hydroxyapatite crystal increased. The extraction solution of hydroxyapatite-5-Fluorouracil was nontoxic to 3T3 cells, in which 5-Fluorouracil was not released in a neutral phosphate buffer solution. In contrast, at a lower pH value (2.5), 5-Fluorouracil was released by the acidic decomposition of hydroxyapatite. Finally, the results of the lactate dehydrogenase assay revealed that 5-Fluorouracil-hydroxyapatite was highly toxic to A549 cells through direct culture, this phenomenon may result from lysosomal decomposition of particles causing 5-Fluorouracil releasing. The pH-responsive hydroxyapatite-5-Fluorouracil nanoparticles have the potential to be part of a selective drug-delivery system in chemotherapy for cancer treatment.

The use of chitosan-coated flexible liposomes as a remarkable carrier to enhance the antitumor efficacy of 5-fluorouracil against colorectal cancer

“…It is a pyrimidine analogue anticancer agent that functions as an antimetabolite to inhibit cell proliferation. 5-FU is effective against numerous tumors, including colorectal, breast, liver and pancreatic cancer (Tseng et al, 2015). As it is associated with a short half-life in the body (<30 min), high dose 5-FU over a long period is recommended to achieve the desired effect (Karmi et al, 2011).…”

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of macromolecular prodrug GC-FUA based nanoparticle for hepatocellular carcinoma chemotherapy

“…(Tseng et al, 2015). 5-Fu is a cytotoxic drug, which has been used to treat cancers (Fadaeian et al, 2015) via inhibiting the synthesis of nucleic acids (Burns & Beland, 1983).…”

Crystallization of carboplatin-loaded onto microporous calcium phosphate using high-vacuum method: Characterization and release study

“…The DRX, FTIR, and Raman results showed no crystallographic or chemical modifications of neither the matrix nor the drug after the loading process that suggests the reversible interaction. The drug-matrix chemical interaction was related to the appearance or disappearance of characteristic bands after drug loading as well as relevant changes in their position, as other studies reported [15,21,80].…”

“…3from CaPs that covered the weak peaks of carboplatin in this region [50,51,56]. The presence of vibrational modes and peaks position of the drug and biomaterials indicated that the drug was attached to the CaP surface without any chemisorption process [15,80]. The minimum losses verified by load efficiency calculated (Eq 1) was expected for the loading methodology used and reflected only the losses in the process, not the adsorption capacity of calcium phosphates.…”

“…Thus, high-crystalline CaPs are less reactive, but present more stability and less solubility [63,78,79]. The reduced peaks intensity of the CaPs after the drug loading process is attributed to the presence of carboplatin drug in the CaP surface [80].…”