Development of Metal Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Operation at 500-600 °C

Brandon, NP; Corcoran, Derek; Cummins, Dustin R.; Duckett, Adam; El-Khoury, K.; Haigh, D.; Leah, Robert; Lewis, Gene; Maynard, Nathan; McColm, T.; Trezona, R.; Selçuk, Ahmet; Schmidt, Michael

doi:10.1361/10599490419135

Cited by 53 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This is the lowest sintering temperature ever recorded for CGO and it suggests it may be possible to produce a metal supported SOFC at temperatures below the 1000C currently used [5] by doping CGO with Fe (which migrates from the steel support). Figure 7, Figure 8, and Figure 9 show that Co, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were also able to reduce the sintering temperature of Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 1.95 at the 1, 3 and 5mol% dopant levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…However, the difficulty in producing a completely gas tight electrolyte layer and the expense are disadvantages of this technique. A third option, and the one currently used by Ceres Power, Ltd, is to colloidally deposit CGO onto an rigid metal support and allow iron and manganese migration from the substrate to aid in densification of the CGO electrolyte [5,46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unfortunately, the development of CGO based metal supported SOFCs has been complicated by the high temperatures needed to densify CGO (>1200C [5,7]. However, the need to produce such cells economically at low temperature remains an issue and has prompted studies into the use of dopants and nano-sized powders to reduce the 1200C traditionally required to densify CGO electrolytes [4,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23].…”

Section: Objectives and Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TEM and/or dilatometry results on Fe [47], Mn [16], and Co doped CGO [4,41] suggest that, at least during the initial stages of sintering, a liquid-like intergranular film forms which helps densify the ceramic. For Fe doped CGO, the liquid-like intergranular film allows the constrained film to sinter at temperatures as low as 1000C [5]. As described by Scherer and Garino [43] and derived in Appendix I, the normalized densification rate for such a film is given as:…”

Section: The Reason This Third Option Work Is Because As Originallymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low Temperature Constrained Sintering of Cerium Gadolinium OxideFilms for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications

Nicholas

2007

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Cerium gadolinium oxide (CGO) has been identified as an acceptable solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrolyte at temperatures (500-700°C) where cheap, rigid, stainless steel interconnect substrates can be used. Unfortunately, both the high sintering temperature of pure CGO, >1200°C, and the fact that constraint during sintering often results in cracked, low density ceramic films, have complicated development of metal supported CGO SOFCs.The aim of this work was to find new sintering aids for Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 1.95 , and to evaluate whether they could be used to produce dense, constrained Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 1.95 films at temperatures below 1000°C. To find the optimal sintering aid, Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 1.95 was doped with a variety of elements, of which lithium was found to be the most effective.Dilatometric studies indicated that by doping CGO with 3mol% lithium nitrate, it was possible to sinter pellets to a relative density of 98.5% at 800C-a full one hundred degrees below the previous low temperature sintering record for CGO. Further, it was also 2 found that a sintering aid's effectiveness could be explained in terms of its size, charge and high temperature mobility.A closer examination of lithium doped Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 1.95 indicated that lithium affects sintering by producing a Li 2 O-Gd 2 O 3 -CeO 2 liquid at the CGO grain boundaries. Due to this liquid phase sintering, it was possible to produce dense, crack-free constrained films of CGO at the record low temperature of 950C using cheap, colloidal spray deposition processes. This is the first time dense constrained CGO films have been produced below 1000C and could help commercialise metal supported ceria based solid oxide fuel cells. Thesis Motivation, Background and Overview MotivationMore efficient technologies are needed if the world is to meet the doubling of energy demand that is projected to occur in the next 25 years. Given the large natural reserves of hydrocarbons and the existing infrastructure, it seems likely that traditional fuels (such as gasoline and liquefied natural gas) will retain their importance, even as alternatives such as bio-fuels enter the marketplace. Thankfully, the efficiency increases possible by electrochemically reacting these fuels inside a fuel cell instead of combusting them are considerable, making it possible to lower the environmental costs associated with their continued use. For instance, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are expected to achieve first law efficiencies of 80-85% when used with cogeneration [1]; whereas, the mostefficient combustion systems used today only achieve efficiencies of 50% [2]. Fuel Cell BasicsA fuel cell utilizing an oxygen-conducting electrolyte, such as a solid oxide fuel cell, is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. Here an oxidant (usually atmospheric O 2 ) is added to the cathode chamber of the fuel cell where it takes on electrons and destroys oxygen ion vacancies within the electrolyte by filling them with oxygen. At the same time, fuel, such as H 2 , is added to the anode chamber where i...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Objectives and Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Reason This Third Option Work Is Because As Originallymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low Temperature Constrained Sintering of Cerium Gadolinium OxideFilms for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications

Nicholas

2007

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“…The maximum power densities measured were 1.02, 0.86, 0.63, 0.41, and 0.27 W cm −2 at 600, 575, 550, 525, and 500 °C, respectively. These values are very competitive with the common all-ceramic SOFCs, [ 4,7 ] or prior metal-supported SOFCs with zirconia-based electrolytes, [ 12,17,20 ] which can be ascribed to good catalytic activities of nanoscale catalysts and high oxide ionic conductivities of SSZ electrolytes. For instances, metal-supported SOFCs with the FeCr alloy supports, Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 2-δ -Ni impregnated cermet anodes, Sc 2 O 3 and Y 2 O 3 co-doped ZrO 2 electrolytes and in situ sintered La 0.6 Sr 0.4 CoO 3-δ cathodes produced peak power densities of 1.14 W cm −2 at a higher temperature of 650 °C.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/aenm201500375mentioning

confidence: 96%

A Nanostructured Architecture for Reduced‐Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Zhou

Luo

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

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Sintering Behavior of Ce _0.9 Gd _0.1 O _1.95‐δ in Reducing Atmosphere

Kaiser

Phair

Foghmoes

et al. 2009

Ceramic Transactions Series

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Development of Metal Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Operation at 500-600 °C

Cited by 53 publications

References 4 publications

Low Temperature Constrained Sintering of Cerium Gadolinium OxideFilms for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications

Low Temperature Constrained Sintering of Cerium Gadolinium OxideFilms for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications

A Nanostructured Architecture for Reduced‐Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Sintering Behavior of Ce _0.9 Gd _0.1 O _1.95‐δ in Reducing Atmosphere

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Development of Metal Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Operation at 500-600 °C

Cited by 53 publications

References 4 publications

Low Temperature Constrained Sintering of Cerium Gadolinium OxideFilms for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications

Low Temperature Constrained Sintering of Cerium Gadolinium OxideFilms for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications

A Nanostructured Architecture for Reduced‐Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Sintering Behavior of Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 1.95‐δ in Reducing Atmosphere

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Sintering Behavior of Ce _0.9 Gd _0.1 O _1.95‐δ in Reducing Atmosphere