“…) is also adopted for the membrane element. Stability analysis for the membrane problem shows that this criterion is applicable . The time step Δ t is chosen to be less than the critical time step Δt e of each element e , Δ t = α Δ t e , whether membrane or solid element, with in which, l e is a characteristic length of the element e (for example, the shortest height of a triangle), c p is the speed of the elastic compression wave, and the factor α is kept below 1 to maintain stability and accuracy.…”