Development of new graphene/epoxy nanocomposites and study of cure kinetics, thermal and mechanical properties

Rehman, Sheikh; Akram, Sufyan; Kanellopoulos, Antonios; Elmarakbi, Ahmed; Karagiannidis, Panagiotis

doi:10.1016/j.tca.2020.178785

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…∆H total measured for several amine-epoxy systems and model reactions was found to be reasonably constant and equal to 107 ± 4 kJ mol of epoxide; this value may be used as a standard value for analyzing amine-epoxide systems [44,51]. The values of E a were determined graphically by the Kissinger method, as described in our previous communication [52]. E a is the minimum energy requirement that must be met for a chemical reaction to occur.…”

Section: Non-isothermal Curing Scanning Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Βio-Based Epoxy/Amine Reinforced with Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) or GLYMO-rGO: Study of Curing Kinetics, Mechanical Properties, Lamination and Bonding Performance

Rehman

Gómez

Villaro³

et al. 2022

Nanomaterials

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In this work, we report the synthesis and study of nanocomposites with a biobased epoxy/amine (Epilok 60-600G/Curamine 30-952) matrix reinforced with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) or functionalised with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GLYMO-rGO). These graphene related materials (GRMs) were first dispersed into a Curamine hardener using bath ultrasonication, followed by the addition of epoxy resin. Curing kinetics were studied by DSC under non-isothermal and isothermal conditions. The addition of 1.5 wt% of GLYMO-rGO into the epoxy matrix was found to increase the degree of cure by up to 12% and glass transition temperature by 14 °C. Mechanical testing showed that the addition of 0.05 wt% GLYMO-rGO improves Young’s modulus and tensile strength by 60% and 16%, respectively, compared to neat epoxy. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates were prepared via hand lay up, using the nanocomposite system GRM/Epilok/Curamine as matrix, and were cut as CFRP adherents for lap shear joints. GRM/Epilok/Curamine was also used as adhesive to bond CFRP/CFRP and CFRP/aluminium adherents. The addition of 0.1 wt% GLYMO-rGO into the adhesive and CRFP adherents showed improved lap shear strength by 23.6% compared to neat resin, while in the case of CFRP/Aluminium joints the increase was 21.2%.

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Section: Non-isothermal Curing Scanning Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Βio-Based Epoxy/Amine Reinforced with Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) or GLYMO-rGO: Study of Curing Kinetics, Mechanical Properties, Lamination and Bonding Performance

Rehman

Gómez

Villaro³

et al. 2022

Nanomaterials

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“…The combination of the latter with a wide range of fillers, having one or more dimensions in the nanometer range, has led to the development of polymeric nanocomposites with improved properties and new potential applications [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. More specifically, the high aspect ratio, mechanical strength, and exceptional electrical properties make carbonaceous nanofillers such as graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) the best filler for this scope [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. In addition, due to their nanometric dimensions, these nanofillers have a large specific surface that maximizes the contact area between filler particles and the polymeric matrix, such that the transfer of mechanical stress between them, indeed the mechanical properties of the whole material, are improved [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of MWCNTs Loading in Designing Self-Sensing and Self-Heating Structural Elements

et al. 2023

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This work proposes nanocomposites with carbon nanotubes characterized by self-sensing and self-heating properties. Recently, a growing interest in these two properties has been found in many industrial sectors, especially in the aerospace and automotive fields. While the self-sensing function allows diagnosing the presence of micro-damage in the material thanks to the detection of residual resistance, the self-heating function is exploited to properly tune the heating performance in terms of the heating rate and final temperature values. An electrical percolation value of around 0.5% by weight of carbon nanotubes was found by electrical characterization. The AC conductivity of the nanocomposites, in the range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz, evidences that beyond a CNTs amount of 0.5% wt/wt, they are characterized by a purely resistive behavior. The self-sensing analysis displayed a gauge factor value of 4.1. The solid thermal stability up to 300 °C makes the material suitable as a heating element at high temperatures. SEM investigations and temperature maps evidence a good dispersion of the conductive filler in the epoxy matrix and, consequently, good isotropy in heat distribution. As regards the trend of electrical resistance by varying the temperature, the electro-thermal investigation has shown the presence of both Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) and Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) behaviors with a predominance of NTC as soon as the temperature becomes closer to the glass transition temperature of the epoxy resin.

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“…Epoxy adhesive is widely used in aerospace [ 1 ], vehicle transportation [ 2 ], construction [ 3 ], electronics [ 4 ] and other industries because of its good characteristics (mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, chemical stability, and heat resistance) as well as good adhesion to various substrates. The curing process of epoxy adhesive is the key procedure affecting the properties of cured products [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Curing Kinetics and the Mechanism of Ultrasonic Curing of an Epoxy Adhesive

et al. 2022

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Ultrasonic curing is an effective way to enhance the curing extent of composite material bonding in the aerospace industry. The non-thermal effect of ultrasonic has been revealed to improve curing efficiency. However, the mechanism of the ultrasonic non-thermal effect is still not clear. In this work, a variable activation energy model of ultrasonic curing was established by utilizing the iso-conversional method, including the activation energy of the thermal effect and activation energy of the non-thermal effect. The thermal effect caused by ultrasonic was accurately peeled off. An obvious decrease in activation energy was found from 54 kJ/mol in thermal curing to 38 kJ/mol in ultrasonic curing. The activation energy of the reaction system in ultrasonic curing was substituted into the modified Kamal autocatalytic equation, and the parameters of the ultrasonic curing kinetic model were estimated by means of an ALO algorithm. Further discussion based on in situ FTIR showed that the non-thermal effect of ultrasonic can affect the vibration strength, stability, and chemical bond energy of internal groups, but cannot cause the fracture of chemical bonds. Moreover, frontier molecular orbital analysis showed that the chemical reactivity of epoxy/amine molecules increased and the HOMO–LUMO energy gap decreased from 6.511 eV to 5.617 eV under the effect of ultrasonic.

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Development of new graphene/epoxy nanocomposites and study of cure kinetics, thermal and mechanical properties

Cited by 20 publications

References 64 publications

Βio-Based Epoxy/Amine Reinforced with Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) or GLYMO-rGO: Study of Curing Kinetics, Mechanical Properties, Lamination and Bonding Performance

Βio-Based Epoxy/Amine Reinforced with Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) or GLYMO-rGO: Study of Curing Kinetics, Mechanical Properties, Lamination and Bonding Performance

Role of MWCNTs Loading in Designing Self-Sensing and Self-Heating Structural Elements

Study on Curing Kinetics and the Mechanism of Ultrasonic Curing of an Epoxy Adhesive

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