“…The field of technology had rapidly advanced, but the existing energy devices were insufficient to meet the demands, , specifically in automotive industries, where there was a need for durable and high-power storage devices to support the demand for electric-drive vehicles. − However, the limitations of the current battery technology hindered the widespread adoption of these vehicles. Meanwhile, the rapid proliferation of drones, laptops, tablets, smartphones, and other electronic devices had emphasized the importance of electrochemical devices, like supercapacitors, which offered a higher power density ( P d ). , Despite their advantages of a higher P d (greater than 10 kW/kg) − and moderate lifespan compared to other storage devices, , their energy density ( E d ) was still inadequate for direct utilization in smart energy storage systems, which required both high power and energy. , Consequently, there was a need to develop energy storage devices with advanced materials and/or designs to achieve higher P d and E d values, as well as excellent cycling, chemical and thermal stabilities, and robustness. − Various electrode materials, such as conducting polymers, layered double hydroxides, metal hydroxides, nitrides, chalcogenides, metal oxides, and carbonaceous materials, had been extensively investigated for their potential as electrode materials in energy storage systems. ,, …”