Development of the Himalayan frontal thrust zone: Salt Range, Pakistan

Baker, Dan M.; Lillie, Robert J.; Yeats, Robert S.; Johnson, Gary D.; Yousuf, Mohammad; Zamin, Agha Sher Hamid

doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0003:dothft>2.3.co;2

Cited by 174 publications

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“…As discussed by [273] the central Salt Range -Potwar Plateau traverse has a narrow cross-sectional taper and shows very little internal deformation (see Figure 31B). Shortening was basically accomplished by thrusting in the evaporite décollement layer, which attains a thickness of more than 2 km beneath the Salt Range [273].…”

Section: Klippen Nappe Of Western Switzerlandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shortening was basically accomplished by thrusting in the evaporite décollement layer, which attains a thickness of more than 2 km beneath the Salt Range [273]. The basal Salt Range thrust climbed across a normal fault in the crystalline basement by accumulation of evaporites.…”

Section: Klippen Nappe Of Western Switzerlandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Tarbella seismic zone is interpreted to mark the northward continuation of these thrust faults [272] and highlights the fact that this thrust fault, which marks the contact between the Indian plate and the Himalaya orogen, is still active. Two cross sections were chosen as example for compressional salt tectonics, one through the central Salt Range and Potwar Plateau by [273] (see Figure 31B), the other through the eastern Salt Range and Potwar Plateau by [274]; see Figure 31C). In both cases, the Cambrian -Eocene platform sequence was displaced southward along a décollement layer consisting of evaporites (including anhydrite, salt, marl and dolostone) over a distance of 20-25 km [273].…”

Section: Klippen Nappe Of Western Switzerlandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two cross sections were chosen as example for compressional salt tectonics, one through the central Salt Range and Potwar Plateau by [273] (see Figure 31B), the other through the eastern Salt Range and Potwar Plateau by [274]; see Figure 31C). In both cases, the Cambrian -Eocene platform sequence was displaced southward along a décollement layer consisting of evaporites (including anhydrite, salt, marl and dolostone) over a distance of 20-25 km [273]. A comparison of the two cross-sections reveals differences: in the central Salt Range south-verging thrusting dominates whereas in the eastern Salt Range a more symmetric structure with north-and south-directed thrusting is recognized.…”

Section: Klippen Nappe Of Western Switzerlandmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thick-Skinned and Thin-Skinned Tectonics: A Global Perspective

Pfiffner¹

2017

Preprint

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This paper gives an overview of the large-scale tectonic styles encountered in orogens worldwide. Thin-skinned and thick-skinned tectonics represents two end member styles recognized in mountain ranges. A thick-skinned tectonic style is typical for margins of continental plates. Thick-skinned style including the entire crust and possibly the lithospheric mantle are associated with intracontinental contraction. Delamination of subducting continental crust and horizontal protrusion of upper plate crust into the opening gap occurs in the terminal stage of continent-continent collision. Continental crust thinned prior to contraction is likely to develop relatively thin thrust sheets of crystalline basement. A true thin-skinned type requires a detachment layer of sufficient thickness. Thickness of the décollement layer as well as the mechanical contrast between décollement layer and detached cover control the style of folding and thrusting within the detached cover units. In subduction related orogens, thin-and thick-skinned deformation may occur several hundreds of kilometers from the plate contact zone. Basin inversion resulting from horizontal contraction may lead to the formation of basement uplifts by the combined reactivation of pre-existing normal faults and initiation of new reverse faults. In composite orogens thick-skinned and thin-skinned structures evolve with a pattern where nappe stacking propagates outward and downward.

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Section: Klippen Nappe Of Western Switzerlandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Klippen Nappe Of Western Switzerlandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Klippen Nappe Of Western Switzerlandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Klippen Nappe Of Western Switzerlandmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Thick-Skinned and Thin-Skinned Tectonics: A Global Perspective

Pfiffner¹

2017

Preprint

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“…[7] The convergence rate across Himalaya has been estimated based on different approaches and for quite different time scales ranging from the few years of the GPS technique (58 AE 4 mm/yr [Bilham et al, 1998]) to the century-long seismological data (10-50 mm/yr [Molnar and Deng, 1984]; 10-20 mm/yr [Molnar, 1990]) to the morphological and structural investigation of displaced Quaternary deposits ($20 mm/yr [Armijo et al, 1986]; 9-14 mm/yr [Baker et al, 1988]; 20 AE 10 mm/yr [Avouac et al, 1998]; 4-16 mm/yr [Kumar et al, 2006]) and even for longer geological time periods (10-15 mm/yr [Lyon- Caen and Molnar, 1985]; 6-14 mm/yr [Powers et al, 1998]). As a consequence, it is realistic to assume that thrust motion and convergence along the Himalayan arc have been relatively steady through the whole Neogene-Quaternary and up to the present, and therefore it is reasonable to apply the critical taper theory [Davis et al, 1983;Dahlen et al, 1984;Dahlen, 1990], as discussed in section 6.…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The sub‐Himalayan fold‐thrust belt in the 1905 Kangra earthquake zone: A critical taper model perspective for seismic hazard analysis

2012

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[1] We investigate the broader epicentral area of the M = 7.8, 1905 Kangra earthquake(s), north India, affecting the sub-Himalayan hills. The tectonics of the area is characterized by two major rentrants (Kangra and Dehradun) interposed by the Nahan Salient. The first-order topography between the Himalayan Frontal Thrust and the Main Boundary Thrust shows a marked lateral variation along strike of the mean gradient, characterized by a very small mean slope angle ($1 ) in correspondence with the reentrants and higher values ($3 ) in the salient. These tectonic and topographic features also show a good correspondence with the peculiar macroseismic field of the 1905 event(s), which is characterized by two distinct intensity maxima, separated by a distance of $150 km, clearly overlapping the two major tectonic reentrants. In this paper, based on available geological and geophysical information and a critical analysis of the general mechanical constraints, the seismogenic volume of the external sector of the chain is investigated in terms of critical taper model attempting to clarify the possible correlations between tectonics, topography and seismicity in the sub-Himalayan belt. Based on different assumptions, three possible seismotectonic scenarios are explored in order to constrain their likelihood and therefore to suggest a potential seismic gap in the area corresponding to the Nahan Salient, which may experience an event of significant magnitude in the future.

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Present‐day deformation of northern Pakistan from Salt Ranges to Karakorum Ranges

Jouanne

Awan²,

Pêcher

et al. 2014

JGR Solid Earth

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Episodic GPS measurements are used to quantify the present-day velocity field in the northwestern Himalaya from the southern Pamir to the Himalayan foreland. We report large postseismic displacements following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake and several mm/yr thrusting of the central segment of the Salt Ranges and Potwar Plateau over the foreland, westward thrusting of Nanga Parbat above the Kohistan Plateau, and~12 mm/yr SSE velocities of the Karakorum Ranges and of the Deosai and Kohistan Plateaus relative to the Indian Plate. Numerical simulations allow to determine a first approximation of slip along active faults: (1) substantial creep of~87 mm/yr between 2006 and 2012 along the flat northeast of the Balakot-Bagh Thrust affected by the 2005 earthquake; (2)~5 mm/yr slip of the central segment of the Salt Ranges and Potwar Plateau, whereas their western boundaries are clearly inactive over the time span covered by our measurements; (3) 13 mm/yr ductile slip along the Main Himalayan Thrust modeled by a dislocation dipping 7°northward, locked at a depth of 15 km; and (4)~20 mm/yr slip along the shear zone forming the western boundary of Nanga Parbat, between depths of 1.6 and 6.5 km. Residuals velocities suggest the existence of left-lateral strike slip along the Jhelum Fault.

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Development of the Himalayan frontal thrust zone: Salt Range, Pakistan

Cited by 174 publications

References 0 publications

Thick-Skinned and Thin-Skinned Tectonics: A Global Perspective

Thick-Skinned and Thin-Skinned Tectonics: A Global Perspective

The sub‐Himalayan fold‐thrust belt in the 1905 Kangra earthquake zone: A critical taper model perspective for seismic hazard analysis

Present‐day deformation of northern Pakistan from Salt Ranges to Karakorum Ranges

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