Development of the human knee joint

Mérida‐Velasco, Juan A.; Sánchez‐Montesinos, Indalecio; Espín-Ferra, J.; Rodríguez‐Vázquez, José Francisco; Mérida‐Velasco, José Ramón; Jiménez-Collado, J.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199706)248:2<269::aid-ar14>3.0.co;2-n

Cited by 76 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The present study extends these earlier studies by localising the 3-B-3(-), 4-C-3 and 7-D-4 CS sulphation motifs in the transitional cartilaginous tissues undergoing morphogenesis to bone and is consistent with previous roles for the CS sulphation motifs at sites of growth, differentiation and attempted repair in many biological systems [4,7,21,22,29,31,[35][36][37][38]. The precise identity of the proteoglycans carrying the 3-B-3 (-), 4-C-3 and 7-D-4 CS sulphation motifs was not determined in the present study; however, CS is a side chain component of a number of proteoglycan families in cartilage including the lecticans (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…In the 12 week old knee the CS sulphation motifs had a widespread distribution throughout the rudiments however by 14 weeks gestational age the CS sulphation motifs had a more defined distribution pattern in areas of tissue transition. Several studies have extensively examined the development of the human foetal knee joint [2,3,[6][7][8]24,[32][33][34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cellular events involved in diarthrodial joint formation and articular cartilage development have been extensively reviewed [2][3][4][5]. The presumptive joint first becomes visible during foetal development as cellular condensations (limb buds) of mesenchymal origin which eventually form the cartilage rudiments [6][7][8]. An interzone between the tibial and femoral rudiments subsequently specifies the future joint line during the process of joint cavitation and serves as an important signalling centre, for members of the TGF-β (GDFs 5 and 6; BMPs 2, 3 and 4) and FGF superfamilies' , Wnt-4, -14 and -16 and BMP antagonists (Chordin and Noggin).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The 7D4, 4C3 and 3B3 (-) Chondroitin Sulphation Motifs are expressed at Sites of Cartilage and Bone Morphogenesis during Foetal Human Knee Joint Development

Melrose¹,

Smith²

2016

J Glycobiol

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Novel sulphation motifs within the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain structure of chondroitin sulphate (CS)-containing s are associated with sites of growth and differentiation in many biological systems where they function as molecular recognition sites involved in the binding, sequestration or presentation of soluble signalling molecules (e.g. growth factors, cytokines, morphogens). The specific sulphation motifs on CS identified by monoclonal antibodies 3-B-3(-), 4-C-3 and 7-D-4 are also associated with distinct cohorts of cells in areas of tissue morphogenesis in human foetal knee joint development. We hypothesize that such motifs may have roles to play in the regulation of proliferative/differentiative events during tissue morphogenesis. In the present investigation we have examined the distribution of these CS motifs within the rudiment cartilage, stromal connective tissues surrounding the rudiment cartilages and developing growth plates of the human foetal knee joint. These CS motifs had broad, overlapping distributions throughout the differentiating connective tissues undergoing morphogenesis and after joint cavitation were localised very specifically to the rudiment cartilage destined to form the permanent articular cartilage postnatally, and to the terminally differentiated chondrocytes and calcified cartilage-bone interface in the growth plate cartilages. The overlapping distributions of these molecules within the presumptive articular cartilage, prior to secondary ossification, suggests that they participate in early signalling events involved in tissue development and indicates that the cells within this zone are phenotypically distinct from those of the underlying rudiment cartilage.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The 7D4, 4C3 and 3B3 (-) Chondroitin Sulphation Motifs are expressed at Sites of Cartilage and Bone Morphogenesis during Foetal Human Knee Joint Development

Melrose¹,

Smith²

2016

J Glycobiol

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“…The developmental timetable of the knee has been well documented in several studies. 2,4 In summary, the knee cavity appears during O'Rahilly stage 22, initially as the patellofemoral joint. The proximal tibiofibular joint communicates with the lateral meniscotibial joint between the tenth and 11th week of development and separates at or after the 13th week.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Congenital absence (ankylosis) of the knee

Yaniv

Ezra

Wientroub

et al. 2004

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume

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A congenital, unilateral, fixed flexion deformity in a neonate was diagnosed as a congenital absence of the knee. A single cartilage mass, with fusion of the lower femoral and upper tibial ossification centres, was demonstrated by imaging studies. This condition has been reported in the literature only once before. Surgery on our patient, which was performed at the age of two years, consisted of separation of the fused cartilaginous anlage and gradual correction of the deformity using an Ilizarov frame.Congenital ankylosis of the knee is an extremely rare condition which causes a flexion deformity of the joint. Only one case has been previously reported in the literature. 1 We describe a two-yearold boy who was born with a rigid flexion deformity of his right knee. Radiographs of the knee demonstrated fusion of the lower femoral and upper tibial epiphyses. Surgical exploration revealed an absent tibiofemoral joint space with a single cartilaginous anlage.The aetiology of this type of malformation of the knee is unknown. Its appearance as an isolated, skeletal malformation raises the possibility of a focal embryonic defect. The estimated morphogenic stage during embryonic development may be that of the cavity appearance phase, O'Rahilly stage 22. 2A distal femoral extension osteotomy has been recommended as a method of correction of a flexion deformity. 1,3 We performed an osteotomy through the fused epiphyses followed by gradual correction of the deformity using an Ilizarov frame. Case reportThe patient was born after a normal pregnancy and spontaneous delivery. He was the first-born child of young, unrelated parents. No abnormalities were detected in systematic pre-natal sonographic surveys. The birthweight was 3245 g, and there was no family history of musculoskeletal or neurological conditions. Physical examination after birth revealed bilateral clinodactyly, bilateral simian lines, retrognathia and an 80˚ fixed flexion deformity of the right knee. The right femur was 2 cm shorter than the left. The boy had normal psychomotor development and growth curves showed his weight and head circumference to be within the 40th percentile and body length within the 90th percentile. No chromosomal abnormalities were detected. The radiograph of his right lower limb suggested continuity between the distal femoral and proximal tibial secondary ossification centres, a feature that was confirmed by CT and MRI studies (Fig. 1). MRI of the brain and spine, as well as electrophysiological studies of the lower limbs, were normal.He underwent surgery at the age of two years and two months. Exploration of the knee confirmed the absence of joint space with a single cartilage anlage joining the femur and the tibia. The extensor mechanism was normal (Fig. 2). Osteotomy of the fused cartilaginous ossification centres was performed, the hamstring muscles were released and an Ilizarov apparatus applied. Distraction and extension continued uninterrupted for three months and two weeks until full extension was achieved. The frame was then c...

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“…The establishment in foetuses of the muscle belly, including the tendinous origin of the gastrocnemius, may be followed by the appearance of the cartilaginous fabella, depending on the activities of muscles that move the knee and ankle. This developmental sequence is quite different from those of the cartilaginous femur, tibia and fibula, in that they start to develop earlier than their associated muscles, tendons and ligaments [6,9]. Moreover, in adults, the fabella is sometimes or often absent and, even if present, it often fails to contact to the knee joint (see above).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%