Development of the human pontine nuclei: a morphometric study

Nozaki, Hideki; Goto, Noboru; Nara, Takahiro

doi:10.1016/0165-3806(92)90003-f

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although double basioccipital centers have been rarely observed (Wackenheim 1985), all of the present fetuses showed single centers. Human pons development has been investigated during different embryonic and fetal stages (Nozaki et al 1992;Müller and O'Rahilly 2003), and development of the protrusion of the pons was examined morphometrically in relation to the CRL in a previous study based on specimens from the Kyoto collection (Hatta et al 2007). Our present data showed that the correlation coefficients to CRL of the basioccipital length and width and those of the pons length and width were R 2 = 0.863, R 2 = 0.359, and R 2 = 0.729, and R 2 = 0.385, respectively, suggesting that basioccipital ossification and development of the pons have a close positive relationship with CRL ( Fig.…”

Section: Basioccipital Ossification and Pons Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphological and morphometric study on sphenoid and basioccipital ossification in normal human fetuses

Zhang

Wang

Udagawa

et al. 2011

Congenital Anomalies

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Congenital anomalies of the brain frequently correspond to cranial base anomalies, and a detailed description of morphology and individual variations in the developing cranial base is of clinical importance for diagnosing anomalies. Development of the human cranial base has been studied using dissection, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. We here examined development of the normal human fetal cranial base using bone staining, which allows for direct observation of the ossification centers and precise three-dimensional measurements. We observed alizarin red S-stained sphenoids and basiocciputs of 22 normal formalin-fixed human fetuses with crown-rump lengths (CRL) of 115-175 mm. We defined landmarks and measured sphenoids and basiocciputs using a fine caliper. Growth patterns of these ossifying bones were obtained, and we found similarities and differences among the growth patterns. We also observed individual variations in the ossification patterns, in particular, single- or double-ossification center patterns for the basisphenoid. The orbitosphenoid and basisphenoid widths and ratios of the widths to the total cranial base width were significantly different between the two pattern groups, whereas the other measurements and their ratios to the total cranial base did not differ between the groups. We measured the cerebrum and pons in different sets of 22 human fetuses with CRLs of 105-186 mm and found close relationships with the development of corresponding parts of the cranial base. The results contribute to the quantitative and qualitative information about the growth patterns and variations during human fetal cranial base development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Basioccipital Ossification and Pons Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and morphometric study on sphenoid and basioccipital ossification in normal human fetuses

Zhang

Wang

Udagawa

et al. 2011

Congenital Anomalies

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“…, 1990, the facial nucleus [Nara et al. 1989b), the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve [Nara et al, 1991], the pontine nuclei [Nozaki et al, 1992], and the putamen [Nakae et al, 1990J. Comparing the data of the nuclei described above, we recognized that the CR decreases monotonously only in the motor nerve nuclei containing predominantly multipolar or pyramidal neurons. This suggests that CR may be reflected mostly by the dendritic development of large multipolar neurons in the GRN.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Development of the Human Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus: A Morphometric Study

Yamaguchi¹,

Goto

Honma

1994

Cells Tissues Organs

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The cytoarchitectonic development of the human gigantocellular reticular nucleus (GRN) was studied quantitatively in 15 fetuses (16–39 weeks of gestation: WG) and in 2 adults (16 and 85 years old). With microscopic observation on serial celloidin sections of the brain, we measured them to obtain the following morphometric parameters: numerical density (ND), profile area (PA), and perimeter (PL) of the GRN neurons. GRN appeared as early as 16-18 WG, but most neurons were still immature and the cell nucleus was relatively large (nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio was high), although a few large neurons containing fine Nissl bodies were observed. Typical, coarse Nissl bodies of large multipolar neurons were first recognized at 21 WG. The earliest myelination was noticed at 22-23 WG, but myelinated nerve fibers were not prominent until the late fetal period. ND was largest at 16 WG and decreased rapidly with gestational age (coefficient of correlation, r = –0.85): it was reduced to about 10% of that at 16 WG by the end of the fetal period. ND was smaller in the adults than in the fetuses. Average PA increased monotonously with gestational age (r = 0.79). The coefficient of variation (CV) of PA was high early in the fetal period (47–48%: 16–18 WG) and increased gradually with age (r = 0.40). The average circularity ratio (CR = 4πPA/PL2) decreased monotonously with gestational age (r = –0.85), while the CV of CR increased (r = 0.76). In conclusion, this study suggests that immature GRN neurons may appear by 16 WG after migration and that the subsequent differentiation and maturation may progress gradually and monotonously during the later half of gestation.

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“…Within the range of the stages studied, it is unclear whether these large cells eventually differentiate into the neurons chiefly occupying the adult pontine nuclei. Nozaki et al (1992) have reported that after 27 weeks, the pontine neurons are distinguishable from glial cells and the neuronal numbers remain relatively constant, and that the pontine neuronal numbers do not indicate the developmental stages. They also observed the existence of large neurons forming islets within the pontine gray matter and indicated that the large neurons were identified at and after 35 weeks and were more clearly observed perinatally compared to postnatally.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, morphometric or volumetric studies of several parts of the human brain, including the pons, have been reported (Jenkins 1921;Dunn 1926;Yamaguchi et al 1984;Kretschmann et al 1979;Nozaki et al 1992). However, the development of protrusion of the basilar portion of the pons, which is one of the most characteristic structures of the developing human brainstem, has not been examined morphometrically.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the pons in human fetuses

Hatta

Satow²,

Hatta³

et al. 2007

Congenital Anomalies

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Morphometric and histological studies of the pons were performed by light microscopy in 28 cases of externally normal human fetuses ranging from 90 to 246 mm in crown-rump length (CRL) and from 13 to 28 weeks of gestation. The brainstems of fetuses were embedded in celloidin or paraffin, and transverse sections were prepared. The pons was divided into two regions at the most ventral margin of the medial lemniscus at the level of the motor trigeminal nucleus. The relationships between the total dorsoventral length, ventral length, and dorsal length of the pons versus CRL and gestational ages were calculated, and empiric formulas were fitted. It was found that the ventral portion increased in size more rapidly than the dorsal portion. The proportion of the ventral portion in the total dorsoventral length was constitutively higher than that of the dorsal portion in the present range of CRL. In the pontine nuclei, from 235 mm in the CRL, some large cells with rich cytoplasm, pale nuclei, and a distinct nucleolus appeared on the dorsal side of the pyramidal tract. According to Weigert stained preparations, the first myelinated fibers in each motor root of the trigeminal, abducent, and facial nerves were recognized at 130-140 mm in CRL and the medial lemniscus at 230-235 mm.

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Development of the human pontine nuclei: a morphometric study

Cited by 21 publications

References 22 publications

Morphological and morphometric study on sphenoid and basioccipital ossification in normal human fetuses

Morphological and morphometric study on sphenoid and basioccipital ossification in normal human fetuses

Development of the Human Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus: A Morphometric Study

Development of the pons in human fetuses

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