Development of the XIth or spinal accessory nerve in the chick. With some notes on the hypoglossal and upper cervical nerves

Rogers, Karen

doi:10.1002/cne.901250208

Cited by 10 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, after exiting the spinal cord, axons of dMNs are able to utilize guidance cues within the dorsal root, and they seem to prefer to do so rather than to make a rostral turn. Because dorsal roots are lacking in the C1 and C2 segments of the chick embryo in early developmental stages (Windle and Orr, ; Rogers, ), axons of SAN‐MNs make a rostral turn following cues requiring a rostral turn. Molecular guidance mechanisms of axons of SAN‐MNs have been studied in gene‐targeted mice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has long been known that some motoneurons (MNs) in the ventral horn of the cervical spinal cord of the avian embryo send their peripheral axons through the dorsal roots (Lenhossék, ; Ramon y Cajal, ; Retzius, ; van Gehuchten, ; Tello, ; Windle and Orr, ; Rogers, ; Tanaka, ). We refer to these as dorsal motoneurons (dMNs; Tanaka, ).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Dorsal MNs occur only in the cervical segments and survive until later stages of development (Tanaka, ). Based on the similarity in the axonal course and cellular location within the spinal cord, these dMNs appear to correspond to motoneurons that exist only in the upper cervical segments (C1–2) and give rise to the spinal root of the accessory nerve (SAN‐MNs; Windle and Orr, ; Rogers, ). However, because detailed studies have not been performed, the identity, time of onset, and origin of dMNs are still unknown.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…521: 2987-3002, 2013. INDEXING TERMS: accessory nerve; cucullaris muscle; transcription factors; branchial motor; cervical spinal cord; dorsal root; avian It has long been known that some motoneurons (MNs) in the ventral horn of the cervical spinal cord of the avian embryo send their peripheral axons through the dorsal roots (Lenhoss ek, 1890;Ramon y Cajal, 1890, 1911Retzius, 1893;van Gehuchten, 1893;Tello, 1923;Windle and Orr, 1934;Rogers, 1965;Tanaka, 1991). We refer to these as dorsal motoneurons (dMNs; Tanaka, 1991).…”

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Elucidation of target muscle and detailed development of dorsal motor neurons in chick embryo spinal cord

Kobayashi

Homma

Okada

et al. 2013

J of Comparative Neurology

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The avian cervical spinal cord includes motoneurons (MNs) that send their axons through the dorsal roots. They have been called dorsal motoneurons (dMNs) and assumed to correspond to MNs of the accessory nerve that innervate the cucullaris muscle (SAN-MNs). However, their target muscles have not been elucidated to date. The present study sought to determine the targets and the specific combination of transcription factors expressed by dMNs and SAN-MNs and to describe the detailed development of dMNs. Experiments with tracing techniques confirmed that axons of dMNs innervated the cucullaris muscle. Retrogradely labeled dMNs were distributed in the ventral horn of C3 and more caudal segments. In most cases, some dMNs were also observed in the C2 segment. It was also demonstrated that SAN-MNs existed in the ventral horn of the C1-2 segments and the adjacent caudal hindbrain. Both SAN-MNs and dMNs expressed Isl1 but did not express Isl2, MNR2, or Lhx3. Rather, these MNs expressed Phox2b, a marker for branchial motoneurons (brMNs), although the intensity of expression was weaker. Dorsal MNs and SAN-MNs were derived from the Nkx2.2-positive precursor domain and migrated dorsally. Dorsal MNs remain in the ventral domain of the neural tube, unlike brMNs in the brainstem. These results indicate that dMNs and SAN-MNs belong to a common MN population innervating the cucullaris muscle and also suggest that they are similar to brMNs of the brainstem, although there are differences in Phox2b expression and in the final location of each population. J. Comp. Neurol. 521: 2987-3002, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Elucidation of target muscle and detailed development of dorsal motor neurons in chick embryo spinal cord

Kobayashi

Homma

Okada

et al. 2013

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…(It should be noted that Rogers [1965] reported the presence of a smaller dorsal root ganglion at C2 in the chick, which, together with its dorsal root, was more closely apposed to the cord and hence difficult to see. The afferent terminations of the central projections of this dorsal root in the dorsal horn could also reflect the gradual reduction of descending trigeminal afferents at that level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trigeminal and Spinal Dorsal Horn (Dis)continuity and Avian Evolution

Wild

Krützfeldt²,

Altshuler³

2010

Brain Behav Evol

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The organization of the dorsal horn in the avian spinal cord differs in different species. For instance, in pigeons and doves, cranes, cuckoos, songbirds, ratites and tinamous, the dorsal horn is organized in laminar fashion, such that laminae II and III are sandwiched between lamina I dorsally and lamina IV ventrally, as they are in mammals and other nonavian amniotes. In most other avian species, including chickens, however, the organization of the dorsal horn is not strictly laminar, in that the structures homologous to laminae II and III lie side by side rather than in dorsoventral order. Because spinal and trigeminal dorsal horns are generally thought to be continuous, the question arises as to the organization of the trigeminal dorsal horn in these species. We examined this question in chickens, first by defining II and III of trigeminal and spinal dorsal horns using calcium-binding protein immunohistochemistry, and second by determining the caudal extent of the projections of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve using injections of cholera toxin B chain. It was found (1) that the trigeminal dorsal horn and the spinal dorsal horn of the first 2 cervical segments are organized in laminar fashion, but further caudally, II and III in the spinal dorsal horn gradually come to be arranged side by side and (2) that the descending trigeminal tract terminates no further caudal than the 3rd spinal segment. Therefore, unlike spinal nerves, trigeminal nerve branches do not project to II and III, once these cease to be organized in laminar fashion. These findings imply some kind or organizational discontinuity of trigeminal and spinal dorsal horns in the chicken and perhaps in other species with a side-by-side arrangement of II and III. It has also been suggested that the condition in which the spinal dorsal horn structures homologous to laminae II and II lie side by side may define a novel clade of birds. This suggestion was reexamined within the context of a modern phylogenetic framework based on 32 kb of nuclear DNA, and using a parsimony reconstruction of dorsal horn character states. The original suggestion of a novel clade was not supported. Instead, it appears that the side-by-side condition evolved very early in the radiation of Aves and that independent reversion to a laminar dorsal horn condition has evolved at least 4–5 times.

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Early development of the hypoglossal nerve in the chick embryo as observed by the whole‐mount nerve staining method

Kuratani¹,

Tanaka²,

Ishikawa³

et al. 1988

Am. J. Anat.

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The developmental morphology of the hypoglossal nerve and associated structures were studied in the chick embryo (Hamburger and Hamilton stages 16-27) stained by the immunohistochemical technique. Ventral rootlets of the occipital nerves, including O1, were seen at stage 16. The distal ends of these nerves anastomosed to form the hypoglossal nerve at stage 20. At stage 23, four occipital and the first three cervical nerves were observed to be involved. The transient contribution of C3 at this stage seemed to be correlated with the formation of the longitudinal anastomosis of the distal end of the spinal nerves which begins around stage 23. The anterior hypoglossal roots appeared between O1 and the abducens nerve at stage 20. These rootlets were observed to arise as the rostral continuation of the occipital sequence and were found to be arranged in a straight line from O1 to the abducens nerve. The recurrent branch of the abducens was also observed. The posterior end of the ganglion crest produced dorsal root ganglion (DRG)-like structures transiently at the level of C2, and sometimes at the level of C1 also. The ganglion crest developed descending processes in the occipital region seemingly related to the spinal dorsal root formation. These phenomena seemed to represent the potential of the ganglion crest to produce the spinal nerve components which are depressed in the occipital region.

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Development of the XIth or spinal accessory nerve in the chick. With some notes on the hypoglossal and upper cervical nerves

Abstract: ABSTRACT

Cited by 10 publications

References 14 publications

Elucidation of target muscle and detailed development of dorsal motor neurons in chick embryo spinal cord

Elucidation of target muscle and detailed development of dorsal motor neurons in chick embryo spinal cord

Trigeminal and Spinal Dorsal Horn (Dis)continuity and Avian Evolution

Early development of the hypoglossal nerve in the chick embryo as observed by the whole‐mount nerve staining method

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