Development of white etching bands under accelerated rolling contact fatigue

Abdullah, Muhammad Usman; Khan, Zulfiqar Ahmad; Kruhoeffer, Wolfram; Blass, Toni; Vierneusel, Bernd

doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2021.107240

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…It was reported that the unique orientations of LABs (30°) and HABs (80°) arise from the maximisation of relative normal stress (deviatoric stress) and relative shear stress across the WEBs, instead of from a static state of stress, as suggested previously by Zwirlein et al [ 92 , 93 ]. A similar theoretical model was presented by Abdullah et al [ 94 ] in recent research work to explain the unique directionalities and formation mechanisms of white bands. Figure 10 represents the distribution of relative normal stress and relative shear stress at various orientations of WEBs.…”

Section: Microstructural Modellingmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Abdullah et al [ 94 , 104 ] presented extensive experimental data on the formation of DERs and WEBs, along with some suggestions to improve existing analytical models. Figure 13 shows the numerical prediction of the formation of DERs with progressive RCF cycles at (a) 4 GPa and (b) 5 GPa contact stress, along with 40 °C, 100 °C, and 160 °C operating temperatures.…”

Section: Microstructural Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mustafa et al [ 17 ] suggested that HABs are formed in the densely formed areas of LABs. However, at elevated temperatures and loads, HABs prior to LABs have also been reported [ 88 , 94 ]. The early formation of HABs suggests that the reversal of the sequence of WEBs (e.g., HABs before LABs) does not depend upon applied load, but rather the temperature-load combination.…”

Section: Microstructural Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Multiscale Overview of Modelling Rolling Cyclic Fatigue in Bearing Elements

Abdullah

Khan

2022

Materials

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During service, bearing components experience rolling cyclic fatigue (RCF), resulting in subsurface plasticity and decay of the parent microstructure. The accumulation of micro strains spans billions of rolling cycles, resulting in the continuous evolution of the bearing steel microstructure. The bearing steel composition, non-metallic inclusions, continuously evolving residual stresses, and substantial work hardening, followed by subsurface softening, create further complications in modelling bearing steel at different length scales. The current study presents a multiscale overview of modelling RCF in terms of plastic deformation and the corresponding microstructural alterations. This article investigates previous models to predict microstructural alterations and material hardening approaches widely adopted to mimic the cyclic hardening response of the evolved bearing steel microstructure. This review presents state-of-the-art, relevant reviews in terms of this subject and provides a robust academic critique to enhance the understanding of the elastoplastic response of bearing steel under non-proportional loadings, damage evolution, and the formation mechanics of microstructural alterations, leading to the increased fatigue life of bearing components. It is suggested that a multidisciplinary approach at various length scales is required to fully understand the micromechanical and metallurgical response of bearing steels widely used in industry. This review will make significant contributions to novel design methodologies and improved product design specifications to deliver the durability and reliability of bearing elements.

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Section: Microstructural Modellingmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Microstructural Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Microstructural Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Multiscale Overview of Modelling Rolling Cyclic Fatigue in Bearing Elements

Abdullah

Khan

2022

Materials

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“…Figure 1 demonstrates the sample preparation and resulting micrographs after Nital etching. Further details on the RCF experimentation, four-ball test setup, and respective sample preparation can be found in the authors' previous research [18,19]. The acquired subsurface micrographs reveal the microstructure features as a semi-elliptical or as a ring-shaped geometrical entity via bright field microscopy after etching with Nital solution (3% nitric acid in ethanol).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Further Investigations and Parametric Analysis of Microstructural Alterations under Rolling Contact Fatigue

Abdullah

Khan

2022

Materials

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Bearing elements under rolling contact fatigue (RCF) exhibit microstructural features, known as white etching bands (WEBs) and dark etching regions (DERs). The formation mechanism of these microstructural features has been questionable and therefore warranted this study to gain further understanding. Current research describes mechanistic investigations of standard AISI 52100 bearing steel balls subjected to RCF testing under tempering conditions. Subsurface analyses of RCF-tested samples at tempering conditions have indicated that the microstructural alterations are progressed with subsurface yielding and primarily dominated by thermal tempering. Furthermore, bearing balls are subjected to static load tests in order to evaluate the effect of lattice deformation. It is suggested from the comparative analyses that a complete rolling sequence with non-proportional stress history is essential for the initiation and progression of WEBs, supported by the combination of carbon flux, assisted by dislocation and thermally activated carbon diffusion. These novel findings will lead to developing a contemporary and new-fangled prognostic model applied to microstructural alterations.

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“…How to measure sliding wear in an efficient way and how to accelerate rolling contact fatigue have been discussed in Refs. [378,379] respectively. Cousseau and Passos [380] discussed the methodology for wear mapping error quantification, and Kraus et al [381] proposed a test method for characterization of the contact pressue-dependent friction by using a single sheet metal compression test.…”

Section: Physical Modelling and Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of advances in tribology in 2020–2021

Meng

et al. 2022

Friction

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Around 1,000 peer-reviewed papers were selected from 3,450 articles published during 2020–2021, and reviewed as the representative advances in tribology research worldwide. The survey highlights the development in lubrication, wear and surface engineering, biotribology, high temperature tribology, and computational tribology, providing a show window of the achievements of recent fundamental and application researches in the field of tribology.

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Development of white etching bands under accelerated rolling contact fatigue

Cited by 11 publications

References 27 publications

A Multiscale Overview of Modelling Rolling Cyclic Fatigue in Bearing Elements

A Multiscale Overview of Modelling Rolling Cyclic Fatigue in Bearing Elements

Further Investigations and Parametric Analysis of Microstructural Alterations under Rolling Contact Fatigue

A review of advances in tribology in 2020–2021

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