Development potentials for small mobile storage tanks with vacuum powder insulations

This paper studies the application of insulated pressure vessels for hydrogen-fueled light-duty vehicles. Insulated pressure vessels can store liquid hydrogen (LHz); low-temperature (80 K) compressed hydrogen (CHZ); or ambienttemperature CHZ.In this analysis, hydrogen temperatures, pressures and venting losses are calculated for insulated pressure vessels fieled with LHz or with low-temperature CHZ, and the results are compared to those obtained in low-pressure LHz tanks. Hydrogen losses are calculated as a fhnction of daily driving distance during normal operation; as a fimction of time during long periods of vehicle inactivity; and as a function of initial vessel temperature during fbeling. The number of days before any venting losses occur is also calculated as a function of the daily driving distance.The results show that insulated pressure vessels have packaging characteristics comparable to those d conventional, low-pressure LHz tanks (low weight and volume), with greatly improved dommncy and much lower boil-off. Insulated pressure vessels used in a 17 knoll (40 mpg) car do not lose any hydrogen when the car is driven at least 15 kmhy in average. Since ahnost all cars are tilven for longer distances, most cars would never lose any hydrogen. Losses during long periods of parking are also relatively small. Due to their high-pressure capacity, these vessels would retain about a third of their full charge even after a very long dormancy, so that the owner would not risk running out of fuel. If an insulated pressure vessel reaches ambient temperature, it can be cooled down very effectively by fheling it with LHz with no losses during fbeling. The vessel has good thermal performance even when thermally insulated with inexpensive microsphere insulation. In addition, the insulated pressure vessels greatly ease fhel availability and infrastructure requirements, since it would be compatible with both compressed and cryogenic hydrogen refbeling. NOMENCLATURECp,v specific heat of the vessel enclosed within the insulation h specific enthalpy of hydrogen mass flow rate of hydrogen extracted from the vessel : total mass of hydrogen stored in the vessel M" mass of the vessel enclosed within the insulation P vessel pressure Q heat transfer rate fkom the environment into the vessel t time T temperature u specific internal energy of hydrogen P density of the hydrogen leaving the vessel INTRODUCTIONIn the search for an alternative to today's petroleum-powered vehicles, efficient hydrogen-fbeled vehicles are an attractive solution. Hydrogen vehicles can use the advanced technology of electric vehicles to improve environmental quality and energy security, while providing the range, performance and utility of today's gasoline vehicles.

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“…This assumption has recently been verified h small vessels of the size required for light-duty vehicles (Bunger and Owren, 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The mass of aluminum and carbon encIosed within the insulation is estimated from the data given by James et al (1996). Insulation properties aR obtained fkom Bunger and Owren (1996), who list ranges of measured conductivity. Worst-case (highest) conductivity values are selected from these ranges.…”

Section: Vesselmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamics of Insulated Pressure Vessels for Vehicular Hydrogen Storage

Aceves

Berry

1998

Journal of Energy Resources Technology

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“…The bulk-fill powders insulations have been mainly used in stationary or large transportation containers. The best known microporous material is an expanded perlite with bulk density from 50-300 kg/m 3 [7]. This cheap, natural origin material has thermal conductivity coefficient 1-2 mW/(mK) under vacuum pressure around 0.1 Pa. [3].…”

Section: Insulation Systems For Lng Cryogenic Road Tankersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4, pp. S1381-S1391 S1383 microporous cellular structure has high compressive strength, but at high production costs [7]. However, the powder materials have the tendency to settle and compact due to vibration and thermal cycling loads.…”

Section: Insulation Systems For Lng Cryogenic Road Tankersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on thermal insulation of liquefied natural gas cryogenic road tanker

Lisowski

2019

Therm sci

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Original scientific paper https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI19S4381LThe tanks designed for liquefied natural gas transport must be thermally insulated from the environment due to the low condensing temperature of the gas. The effectiveness of thermal insulation significantly affects the tank's operating parameters and its operating costs. As there is no perfect insulation, there is a need for analyses that would determine its suitability in specific applications. In this paper the issue of heat transfer through double-walled cryogenic tanks with evacuated insulation system was discussed. Afterwards the study of insulation variants of liquefied natural gas cryogenic road tanker was presented. The use of several layers of insulation made of modern and efficient materials such as aerogel and fiberglass or the use of multi-layer isolation has been considered and compared to the use of perlite powder. The heat flux through insulation systems was tested for different variants of evacuated insulation under residual gas pressure of 10 -1 Pa, 10 -3 Pa, and 100 kPa. Finally, for selected insulation variants, the heat leakage was tested for 50 m 3 liquefied natural gas road tanker. The investigation of heat-flow for the transient thermal analysis was performed by applying finite element method. The aim of the study was to determine the variant of insulation system with the relatively low heat leakage to the tank and low cost of materials and vacuum production.

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“…In addition to this, a flexibly fueled insulated pressure vessel would likely be very insensitive to heat transfer from the environment, if in practice, LH 2 were only or chiefly used in long trips and therefore consumed quickly before significant evaporation can occur. Therefore, flexibly fueled insulated pressure vessels can be designed with a thin insulation to improve packaging characteristics or with an inexpensive insulation (possibly even powder insulation [9]) to reduce cost.…”

Section: Insulated Pressure Vessels Fueled Exclusively With Lhmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vehicular storage of hydrogen in insulated pressure vessels

Aceves

Berry

Martínez-Frías

et al. 2006

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

138

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This paper describes the development of an alternative technology for storing hydrogen fuel onboard automobiles. Insulated pressure vessels are cryogenic-capable pressure vessels that can accept cryogenic liquid fuel, cryogenic compressed gas or compressed gas at ambient temperature. Insulated pressure vessels offer advantages over conventional H 2 storage approaches. Insulated pressure vessels are more compact and require less carbon fiber than GH 2 vessels. They have lower evaporative losses than LH 2 tanks, and are much lighter than metal hydrides.After outlining the advantages of hydrogen fuel and insulated pressure vessels, the paper describes the experimental and analytical work conducted to verify that insulated pressure vessels can be used safely for vehicular H 2 storage. The paper describes tests that have been conducted to evaluate the safety of insulated pressure vessels. Insulated pressure vessels have successfully completed a series of DOT, ISO and SAE certification tests. A draft procedure for insulated pressure vessel certification has been generated to assist in a future commercialization of this technology. An insulated pressure vessel has been installed in a hydrogen fueled truck and it is currently being subjected to extensive testing.2

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Development potentials for small mobile storage tanks with vacuum powder insulations

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

Thermodynamics of Insulated Pressure Vessels for Vehicular Hydrogen Storage

Thermodynamics of Insulated Pressure Vessels for Vehicular Hydrogen Storage

Study on thermal insulation of liquefied natural gas cryogenic road tanker

Vehicular storage of hydrogen in insulated pressure vessels

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