Developmental toxicity and psychotoxicity of FD and C red dye no. 40 (Allura red AC) in rats

Vorhees, Charles V.; Butcher, Richard E.; Brunner, Robert L.; Wootten, Virginia; Sobotka, Tomáš

doi:10.1016/0300-483x(83)90118-x

Cited by 36 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Some dyes may be more potent in their actions on behaviour [18],[43] and genotoxicity [11],[39]. A well-studied compound is Allura Red, which produces physical and behavioural toxicity in rats [43]. Notably, these effects can be partially passed on to the offspring and increase post-weaning open field vertical activity [43].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A well-studied compound is Allura Red, which produces physical and behavioural toxicity in rats [43]. Notably, these effects can be partially passed on to the offspring and increase post-weaning open field vertical activity [43]. The mechanisms of specific AFDs on behaviour may include modulation of stress response, inhibition of serotonergic activity, and histamine release [9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Lifespan Psychomotor Behaviour Profiles of Multigenerational Prenatal Stress and Artificial Food Dye Effects in Rats

2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The consumption of artificial food dye (AFD) during childhood and adolescence has been linked to behavioural changes, such as hyperactivity. It is possible that the vulnerability to AFDs is modified by prenatal stress. Common consequences of prenatal stress include hyperactivity, thus potentially leading to synergistic actions with AFDs. Here, we investigated the compounding effect of multigenerational prenatal stress (MPS) and AFD consumption on the development of hyperactivity and anxiety-related behaviours across the lifespan in male rats. MPS treatment involved a family history of four consecutive generations of prenatal stress (F4 generation). AFD treatment included a 4%-concentration of FD&C Red 40, FD&C Yellow 5, FD&C Yellow 6, and FD&C Blue 1 in the drinking water from postnatal days 22 to 50 to resemble juvenile and adolescent dietary exposure. Using several exploration tasks, animals were tested in motor activity and anxiety-like behaviours from adolescence to 13 months of age. MPS resulted in hyperactivity both early (50 days) and later in life (13 months), with normalized activity patterns at reproductive age. AFD consumption resulted in hyperactivity during consumption, which subsided following termination of treatment. Notably, both MPS and AFD promoted risk-taking behaviour in young adults (3 months). There were few synergistic effects between MPS and AFD in this study. The findings suggest that AFDs exert the most noticeable effects at the time of exposure. MPS, however, results in a characteristic lifespan profile of behavioural changes, indicating that development and aging represent particularly vulnerable periods in life during which a family history of prenatal stress may precipitate.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifespan Psychomotor Behaviour Profiles of Multigenerational Prenatal Stress and Artificial Food Dye Effects in Rats

2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Two significant and dose-dependent behavioural effects, EFSA Journal 2009; 7(11):1327 decreased running wheel activity (2.5, 5 and 10 % groups), and increased open-field rearing activity (5 and 10 % groups) were also noted (Vorhees et al, 1983). Litter mortality at 22-24 days of age was increased at a concentration of 10 % in the diet.…”

Section: Reproductive and Developmental Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 93%

Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Allura Red AC (E 129) as a food additive

2009

EFSA Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food provides a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of Allura Red AC (E 129). Allura Red AC has been previously evaluated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 1980 and the EU Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) in 1984 and1989. Both committees established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0-7 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day. The Panel was not provided with a newly submitted dossier and based its evaluation on previous evaluations, additional literature that became available since then and the data available following a public call for data. New studies included a study by Tsuda et al. from 2001 reporting effects on nuclear DNA migration in the mouse in vivo Comet assay, and a study by McCann et al. from 2007 that concluded that exposure to a mixture including Allura Red AC, resulted in increased hyperactivity in 8-to 9-years old children. The Panel notes that Allura Red AC was negative in in vitro genotoxicity as well as in long-term carcinogenicity studies and that the effects on nuclear DNA migration observed in the mouse in vivo Comet assay are not expected to result in carcinogenicity. The Panel also concurrs with the conclusion from a previous EFSA opinion on the McCann et al. study that the findings of the study cannot be used as a basis for altering the ADI. The Panel concluded that the present database does not give reason to revise the ADI of 7 mg/kg bw/day. The Panel also concludes that at the maximum reported levels of use refined intake estimates are generally below the ADI, although in 1-10 years old children the high percentile of exposure (95 th ) can be slightly higher than the ADI at the upper end of the range. Red AC, E 129, CAS Registry Number 25956-17-6, Food Red No. 40, FD&C Red No. 40, disodium 2hydroxy-1-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulphonatophenylazo)naphthalene-6-sulphonate, food colouring substance, EINECS number 247-368-0. KEY WORDS Allura SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food has been asked to provide a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of Allura Red AC (E 129) when used as a food colouring substance.Allura Red AC (E 129) is an azo dye allowed as a food additive in the EU that has been previously evaluated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 1980 and the EU Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) in 1984 and 1989. Both committees have established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0-7 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day. The SCF, JECFA and TemaNord evaluations concluded, based on in vivo and in vitro mutagenicity studies available at that time, that Allura Red AC did not show any genotoxic activity.Recent results indicated that in an in vivo Comet assay, Allura Red AC induced significant increases in migration of nuclear DNA in both glandular stomach and colon tissue, in the absence of general cytotoxicity in these tissues. The Panel considered in the light of negative carcinogenicity stud...

show abstract

“…The absence of side effects was observed at 2829 mg/kg·day among males and 901 mg/kg·day among females. A similar study was conducted by Vorhees et al (1983). Physical and behavioural toxicity of the colouring was observed at concentrations of up to 10% of diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

The influence of synthetic food additives and surfactants on the body weight of larvae of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)

Мартынов

Brygadyrenko

2017

Biosys. divers.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The broad spectrum of negative effects of food additives and surfactants on living organisms and the environment in general indicate a necessity of a detailed study on this issue. The aim of this article is to evaluate the impact of food additives and surfactants in a concentration of 350 mg/kg of fodder on the body weight of third age Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) larvae. A significant change in the body weight of T. molitor larvae was observed when they consumed a diet containing 350 mg/kg of sodium glutamate, sodium cyclamate and sodium benzoate. We observed a tendency towards increase in body weight after addition of the food colouring Allura Red, saccharin, benzoic acid, betaine, emulsifying wax, AOS and SLES, and also we observed a decrease in body weight after addition of Tartrazine and Indigo Carmine in the same concentration. Out of the 18 tested food additives, 3 significantly stimulated an increase in the body weight of third age T. molitor larvae, and 3 manifested the same effect at the level of tendency (stimulated an increase in mass on average by 43-58% over the 14-day experiment), and 2 caused decrease in the body weight of larvae. Also, the 4 studied surfactants manifested a tendency towards increase in the body weight of T. molitor. This study on the impact of food additives and surfactants on organisms of insects is of great significance for protecting rare species of insects.

show abstract

Developmental toxicity and psychotoxicity of FD and C red dye no. 40 (Allura red AC) in rats

Cited by 36 publications

References 14 publications

Lifespan Psychomotor Behaviour Profiles of Multigenerational Prenatal Stress and Artificial Food Dye Effects in Rats

Lifespan Psychomotor Behaviour Profiles of Multigenerational Prenatal Stress and Artificial Food Dye Effects in Rats

Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Allura Red AC (E 129) as a food additive

The influence of synthetic food additives and surfactants on the body weight of larvae of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About