Developmental toxicity of fungicide carbendazim in female mice

Farag, Ahmed A.; Ebrahim, H.; ElMazoudy, Reda H.; Kadous, Ezzat

doi:10.1002/bdrb.20290

Cited by 61 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Furthermore, carbendazim exposure strongly affected the development of embryos which is consistent with studies conducted in amphibian (Yoon et al, 2008) and rodent embryos (Farag et al, 2011) where the compound showed to be teratogenic increasing the incidence of malformations such as pericardial edemas, spinal lordosis, elongated heart, narrowed head among others. Similarly to our work, the body length of clawed frog (X. laevis) exposed to carbendazim was also decreased although effects were observed at lower concentrations (≥ 0.38 mg/L) (Yoon et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Moreover, carbendazim has shown to be very persistent in the water with a half-life of 6 to 25 weeks (Cuppen et al, 2000a). Many studies have reported the adverse effects of carbendazim on mammals, mainly on reproductive organs (Farag et al, 2011;Ireland et al, 1979;Lim and Miller, 1997;Nakai et al, 2002;Urani et al, 1995), but unlike mammals, effects on aquatic organisms are poorly studied. The majority of studies available focus on zooplankton and macroinvertebrate communities in which chronic exposures to carbendazim decreased survival, reproduction and feeding rates (Cuppen et al, 2000b;Daam et al, 2010;Ferreira et al, 2008;Ribeiro et al, 2011;Van den Brink et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbendazim exposure induces developmental, biochemical and behavioural disturbance in zebrafish embryos

et al. 2016

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Carbendazim is a widely used broad spectrum benzimidazole fungicide; however, its effects to non-target aquatic organisms are poorly studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic effects of carbendazim to zebrafish early life stages at several levels of biological organization, including developmental, biochemical and behavioural levels. The embryo assay was done following the OECD guideline 236 and using a concentration range between 1.1 and 1.8mg/L. Lethal and developmental endpoints such as hatching, edemas, malformations, heart beat rate, body growth and delays were assessed in a 96h exposure. A sub-teratogenic range (from 0.16 to 500μg/L) was then used to assess effects at biochemical and behavioural levels. Biochemical markers included cholinesterase (ChE), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and catalase (CAT) and were assessed at 96h. The locomotor behaviour was assessed using an automated video tracking system at 120h. Carbendazim (96h-LC50 of 1.75mg/L) elicited several developmental anomalies in zebrafish embryos with EC50 values ranging from 0.85 to 1.6mg/L. ChE, GST and LDH activities were increased at concentrations equal or above 4μg/L. The locomotor assay showed to be extremely sensitive, detecting effects in time that larvae spent swimming at concentrations of 0.16μg/L and thus, being several orders of magnitude more sensitive that developmental parameters or lethality. These are ecological relevant concentrations and highlight the potential of behavioural endpoints as early warning signs for environmental stress. Further studies should focus on understanding how the behavioural disturbances measured in these types of studies translate into fitness impairment at the adult stage.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbendazim exposure induces developmental, biochemical and behavioural disturbance in zebrafish embryos

et al. 2016

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“…It also interferes with male and female fertility (Farag et al, 2011). CA both induces aromatase expression, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of androgens into estrogens, and potently interferes with microtubule polymerization thereby inhibiting mitosis (Yenjerla et al, 2009).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of reproductive toxicants with diverse mechanisms in the embryonic stem cell test

et al. 2015

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-The embryonic stem cell test (EST) is a promising system to detect embryotoxicity in vitro. Recent studies have pointed out some limitations of the EST and suggest that the applicability domain of the EST and its prediction model have to be better defined. Here, eight substances of known reproductive toxicity were tested in the EST under blind conditions. We applied the prediction model to the data of the EST after classifying the substances according to the published criteria. In addition, a simplified classification of the EST results into two classes as an approach to hazard assessment was compared to the European Union Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) Regulation labels of the substances. With one exception, substances that are labeled as reproductive toxicants according to the CLP Regulation were detected as embryotoxic in the EST while substances without label were found to be non-embryotoxic according to the EST.

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“…The soil persistence and the plant systemic nature of MBC can in turn, lead to the contamination of water and plant products [5]. This causes serious concerns because MBC is a suspected mutagen, teratogen and carcinogen and is reported to be toxic to mammalian liver, endocrine and reproductive tissues [6], [7]. Residual MBC in soil has also been reported to alter the taxonomic structure of soil bacterial communities and may therefore adversely affect microbial-mediated ecosystem functions [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Characterization of Carbendazim-degrading Rhodococcus erythropolis djl-11

et al. 2013

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Carbendazim (methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate) is one of the most widely used fungicides in agriculture worldwide, but has been reported to have adverse effects on animal health and ecosystem function. A highly efficient carbendazim-degrading bacterium (strain dj1-11) was isolated from carbendazim-contaminated soil samples via enrichment culture. Strain dj1-11 was identified as Rhodococcus erythropolis based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characters, including sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. In vitro degradation of carbendazim (1000 mg·L−1) by dj1-11 in minimal salts medium (MSM) was highly efficient, and with an average degradation rate of 333.33 mg·L−1·d−1 at 28°C. The optimal temperature range for carbendazim degradation by dj1-11 in MSM was 25–30°C. Whilst strain dj1-11 was capable of metabolizing cabendazim as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen, degradation was significantly (P<0.05) increased by addition of 12.5 mM NH4NO3. Changes in MSM pH (4–9), substitution of NH4NO3 with organic substrates as N and C sources or replacing Mg2+ with Mn2+, Zn2+ or Fe2+ did not significantly affect carbendazim degradation by dj1-11. During the degradation process, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) detected the metabolites 2-aminobenzimidazole and 2-hydroxybenzimidazole. A putative carbendazim-hydrolyzing esterase gene was cloned from chromosomal DNA of djl-11 and showed 99% sequence homology to the mheI carbendazim-hydrolyzing esterase gene from Nocardioides sp. SG-4G.

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Developmental toxicity of fungicide carbendazim in female mice

Cited by 61 publications

References 40 publications

Carbendazim exposure induces developmental, biochemical and behavioural disturbance in zebrafish embryos

Carbendazim exposure induces developmental, biochemical and behavioural disturbance in zebrafish embryos

Classification of reproductive toxicants with diverse mechanisms in the embryonic stem cell test

Isolation and Characterization of Carbendazim-degrading Rhodococcus erythropolis djl-11

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