Developments, application, and performance of artificial intelligence in dentistry – A systematic review

Abstract

Background/purpose Artificial intelligence (AI) has made deep inroads into dentistry in the last few years. The aim of this systematic review was to identify the development of AI applications that are widely employed in dentistry and evaluate their performance in terms of diagnosis, clinical decision-making, and predicting the prognosis of the treatment. Materials and methods The literature for this paper was identified and selected by performing a thorough search in the electronic data bases like PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Google scholar, Scopus, Web of science, and Saudi digital library published over the past two decades (January 2000–March 15, 2020).After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 43 articles were read in full and critically analyzed. Quality analysis was performed using QUADAS-2. Results AI technologies are widely implemented in a wide range of dentistry specialties. Most of the documented work is focused on AI models that rely on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and artificial neural networks (ANNs). These AI models have been used in detection and diagnosis of dental caries, vertical root fractures, apical lesions, salivary gland diseases, maxillary sinusitis, maxillofacial cysts, cervical lymph nodes metastasis, osteoporosis, cancerous lesions, alveolar bone loss, predicting orthodontic extractions, need for orthodontic treatments, cephalometric analysis, age and gender determination. Conclusion These studies indicate that the performance of an AI based automated system is excellent. They mimic the precision and accuracy of trained specialists, in some studies it was found that these systems were even able to outmatch dental specialists in terms of performance and accuracy.

Machine Learning and Intelligent Diagnostics in Dental and Orofacial Pain Management: A Systematic Review

“…AI and computerized support, although not new to healthcare, have lately received a lot of attention within the sphere of dentistry. These reviews covered their potential dental applications [ 19 ], success in detecting precancerous lesions and metastases [ 20 ], effectiveness in improving the quality of maxillofacial radiology [ 21 ], success in orthodontic treatment [ 22 ], and orthopedic rehabilitation [ 23 ], as well as concurrent application with virtual reality to decrease anxiety in young patients [ 24 ]. However, the aforementioned reviews did not systematically explore the current diagnostic capabilities of AI in identifying common orofacial diseases and disorders and/or the subsequently elicited pain [ 17 ].…”

Responsabilidad social empresarial en el contexto del COVID-19

“…Mohr, Webb, y Harris ( 2001) definió a la RSE como el compromiso empresarial de maximizar los beneficios en la sociedad eliminando o disminuyendo efectos perjudiciales. La RSE es un constructo que integra responsabilidad económica, legal, ética y filantrópica a ser posicionadas por las diferentes empresas (Carroll, 1979(Carroll, , 1991, evidenciando que su estudio en la gestión empresarial data de la década de 1950 por el impacto nocivo que las empresas pudieran incurrir en su entorno y conciencia ambiental del consumidor (Ingenbleek, Meulenberg, y Van Trijp, 2015;Khanagar et al, 2020; compromiso ético y su relación con la naturaleza (Villacís, Suarez, y Guillin, 2016).…”

Artificial intelligence in dentistry and its future

“…Artificial neural networks (ANN) are highly interconnected networks inspired by biological nervous systems [4]. It has an ability to think like human the brain and interpret diseases based on the newer information [2,5] . Recently, a developmental proposal was put forward and Google brain was introduced.…”

“…Richard Bellman in 1978 defined Artificial Intelligence as "The automation of activities associated with human thinking abilities, which includes learning, decision making and problem solving" [2]. This tool has made tremendous inroads in dentistry in the past few decades and is in more demand during COVID-19 phase which shall increase with time.…”