Developments in Dutch Apple Plantings

Balkhoven-Baart, J.M.T.; Wagenmakers, P. S.; Bootsma, J. H.; Groot, M.J.; Wertheim, S.J.

doi:10.17660/actahortic.1998.513.31

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Our results confirm the results reported by other studies (Robinson, 2007b), that increasing tree density results in smaller tree size (TCSA), which allows successful long-term management of high-density plantings without excessive vigor and excessive pruning. This study strongly supports the results of previous studies of the significant benefit of high-density orchards on the cumulative yield of apple trees (Balkhoven-Baart et al, 2000;Hampson et al, 2002;Lordan et al, 2018aLordan et al, , 2018bReig et al, 2019aReig et al, , 2019bRobinson 2007b;Robinson et al, 1991Robinson et al, , 2003. Our results also show that the shape of the relationship is curvilinear over a wide density range on rootstocks with a wide range of vigor, such as 'B.118' and 'M.7EMLA' in agreement with previous studies (Reig et al, 2019a); however, we saw a linear relationship with the other rootstocks we evaluated ('G.11' and 'G.935').…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Long-term Performance of ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees Grafted on Geneva® Rootstocks and Trained to Four High-density Systems under New York State Climatic Conditions

Reig¹,

Lordan²,

Hoying³

et al. 2020

horts

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We conducted a large (0.8 ha) field experiment of system × rootstock, using Super Chief Delicious apple as cultivar at Yonder farm in Hudson, NY, between 2007 and 2017. In this study, we compared six Geneva® rootstocks (‘G.11’, ‘G.16’, ‘G.210’, ‘G.30’, ‘G.41’, and ‘G.935’) with one Budagovsky (‘B.118’) and three Malling rootstocks (‘M.7EMLA’, ‘M.9T337’ and ‘M.26EMLA’). Trees on each rootstock were trained to four high-density systems: Super Spindle (SS) (5382 apple trees/ha), Tall Spindle (TS) (3262 apple trees/ha), Triple Axis Spindle (TAS) (2243 apple trees/ha), and Vertical Axis (VA) (1656 apple trees/ha). Rootstock and training system interacted to influence growth, production, and fruit quality. When comparing systems, SS trees were the least vigorous but much more productive on a per hectare basis. Among the rootstocks we evaluated, ‘B.118’ had the largest trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), followed by ‘G.30’ and ‘M.7EMLA’, which were similar in size but they did not differ statistically from ‘G.935’. ‘M.9T337’ was the smallest and was significantly smaller than most of the other rootstocks but it did not differ statistically from ‘G.11’, ‘G.16’, ‘G.210’, ‘G.41’, and ‘M.26EMLA’. Although ‘B.118’ trees were the largest, they had low productivity, whereas the second largest rootstock ‘G.30’ was the most productive on a per hectare basis. ‘M.9’ was the smallest rootstock and failed to adequately fill the space in all systems except the SS, and had low cumulative yield. The highest values for cumulative yield efficiency (CYE) were with ‘G.210’ for all training systems except for VA, where ‘M.9T337’ had the highest value. The lowest values were for all training systems with ‘B.118’ and ‘M.7EMLA’. Regardless of the training system, ‘M.7EMLA’ trees had the highest number of root suckers. Some fruit quality traits were affected by training system, rootstock or system × rootstock combination.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Long-term Performance of ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees Grafted on Geneva® Rootstocks and Trained to Four High-density Systems under New York State Climatic Conditions

Reig¹,

Lordan²,

Hoying³

et al. 2020

horts

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“…Thus, for high density systems that depend on significant 2 nd and 3 rd year yield, feathered trees have become an essential part of the success of these systems (Dominguez, 2015;Robinson, 2007). Currently, the ideal tree for high density plantings should have a minimum stem diameter of 15 mm, and 10-15 well positioned feathers with a maximum length of 40 cm and starting at a minimum height to 80 cm on the tree (Balkhoven-Baart et al, 2000;Robinson, 2007;Weis, 2004). However, the high investment cost of high density orchards is directly related to the number of trees per ha and the cost of each tree.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of tree type and rootstock on the long-term performance of ‘Gala’, ‘Fuji’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ apple trees trained to Tall Spindle under New York State climatic conditions

Reig

Lordan

Sazo

et al. 2019

Scientia Horticulturae

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In 2006, two 0.3 ha orchard trials were established at two sites (Dressel farm in Southeastern New York State and VandeWalle farm in Western New York State) to compare two tree types (feathered trees and bench-grafted trees) on five rootstocks [three Geneva ® rootstocks (G.11, G.16, G.41) with one Budagovsky rootstock (B.9) and one Malling rootstock (M.9T337)] as controls. 'Gala' and 'Fuji' were used as scion cultivars at Dressel farm and 'Gala' and 'Honeycrisp' as the scions cultivars at VandeWalle farm. At each location, trees were planted at 3,262 trees ha -1 and trained to a Tall Spindle (TS) system. Location, tree type and rootstock interacted to affect tree growth, production and fruit quality of each scion cultivar. 'Gala' trees from VandeWalle (Western NY State) were more productive (33% more production) than those from Dressel Farm (Southern NY State), because they produced more fruits per cm -2 and fruit size was bigger. When comparing the two tree types (feathered and bench-grafted) at both locations and across all rootstocks (B.9, G.11, G.16, G.41, and M.9T337), feathered trees were similar in tree size after 11 seasons as bench-grafted ones, except for 'Fuji' at Dressel farm where bench-grafted trees were 27% smaller than feathered trees. The bench-grafted trees had lower cumulative yield per hectare, cumulative yield efficiency, and cumulative crop load than the fully feathered trees.Finally, when comparing all 10 tree type x rootstock combinations, for 'Fuji', feathered trees with G.11, for 'Gala', feathered trees with G.41, and for 'Honeycrisp', feathered trees with G.16 were the combinations with the highest cumulative yield, high yield efficiency and crop loads, low biennial bearing, and with slightly significant larger fruits.

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“…During the past three decades, the system of apple cultivation in the world has undergone the profound changes. The cultivation of apple under dwarf and close planting has become the trend and direction of the apple cultivation 26 – 30 . M.26, the dwarf interstock, is the most widely used in dwarf apple orchards in China, which is accounting for 70% of the total cultivation area of dwarf apples 31 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of crop load on distribution and utilization of 13C and 15N and fruit quality for dwarf apple trees

Ding

Chen

Zhu

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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In order to define the effects of fruit crop load on the distribution and utilization of carbon and nitrogen in dwarf apple trees, we conducted three crop load levels (High-crop load, 6 fruits per trunk cross-sectional area (cm2, TCA)), Medium-crop load (4 fruits cm−2 TCA), Low-crop load (2 fruits cm−2 TCA)) in 2014 and 2015. The results indicated that the 15N derived from fertilizer (Ndff) values of fruits decreased with the reduction of crop load, but the Ndff values of annual branches, leaves and roots increased. The plant 15N-urea utilization rates on Medium and Low-crop load were 1.12–1.35 times higher than the High-crop load. With the reduction of crop load, the distribution rate of 13C and 15N in fruits was gradually reduced, but in contrast, the distribution of 13C and 15N gradually increased in annual branches, leaves and roots. Compared with High-crop load, the Medium and Low-crop load significantly improved fruit quality p < 0.05. Hence, controlling fruit load effectively regulated the distribution of carbon and nitrogen in plants, improved the nitrogen utilization rate and fruit quality. The appropriate crop load level for mature M.26 interstocks apple orchards was deemed to be 4.0 fruits cm−2 TCA.

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Developments in Dutch Apple Plantings

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Long-term Performance of ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees Grafted on Geneva® Rootstocks and Trained to Four High-density Systems under New York State Climatic Conditions

Long-term Performance of ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees Grafted on Geneva® Rootstocks and Trained to Four High-density Systems under New York State Climatic Conditions

Effect of tree type and rootstock on the long-term performance of ‘Gala’, ‘Fuji’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ apple trees trained to Tall Spindle under New York State climatic conditions

Effects of crop load on distribution and utilization of 13C and 15N and fruit quality for dwarf apple trees

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