Developments in pluripotency: a new formative state

SRRM2 splicing factor modulates cell fate in early development

“…The exit of pluripotent stem cells from the pluripotent naive state is accompanied by alterations in gene expression networks, increased DNA methylation, and metabolism changes, resulting in cell fate determination ( Hoogland and Marks, 2021 ; Kim and Costello, 2017 ). To further investigate the intermediate pluripotent state of Srrm2 + /− cells, we quantified the transcriptional differences between clusters 1 and 2, and detected 35 downregulated genes and 45 upregulated genes ( Fig.…”

Nutrients in the fate of pluripotent stem cells

“…Investigators subdivide PSCs into a continuum of states that resemble different gestational stages of blastocyst development, with each state showing specific nutrient requirements and activities (Hackett and Surani, 2014;Smith, 2017). A hypothesized, and recently captured, intermediate ''formative'' pluripotent state has expanded the dynamic nature of pluripotency (Hoogland and Marks, 2021;Kinoshita et al, 2021;Wang et al, 2021b;Yu et al, 2021). Thus far, only one study investigated the metabolism of formative state PSCs, which upregulate glycolysis and downregulate mitochondrial respiration enzymes (Yu et al, 2021).…”

“…Thus far, only one study investigated the metabolism of formative state PSCs, which upregulate glycolysis and downregulate mitochondrial respiration enzymes (Yu et al, 2021). Reports have also consistently shown that naive PSCs display bivalent glycolytic and mitochondrial respiration compared to primed PSCs, which are exclusively glycolytic (Hackett and Surani, 2014;Hoogland and Marks, 2021). In usual culture conditions, hPSCs resemble more developmentally advanced, or ''primed,'' PSCs, corresponding to post-implantation epiblast, whereas mESCs resemble less advanced, or ''naive,'' PSCs, corresponding to pre-implantation epiblast (Hackett and Surani, 2014).…”

Pluripotency state transition of embryonic stem cells requires the turnover of histone chaperone FACT on chromatin

“…Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) are valuable tools for investigating early embryonic differentiation for its pluripotency. 1 , 2 These cells can be maintained in a pluripotent state in controlled culture conditions or induced to differentiate into derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. 3 , 4 Pluripotency is a cellular property that allows for the orderly development of three germ layers during embryogenesis.…”