“…These forces include (1) particle-particle forces (van der Waals and repulsive forces), (2) particle-template forces 5, 6 (electrostatic, and curvature driven 28,29 forces), and (3) particle-fluid forces (capillary 12,15,17,18,19,20,21,22,23 , convective 24,25 , evaporative 26,27,28 , and Brownian 14, 15 forces). All of these forces interact at the contact line in directed (templated) self-assembly.…”