Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2: Faktor Risiko, Diagnosis, Dan Tatalaksana

Abstract

AbstrakDiabetes melitus menggambarkan sekelompok penyakit metabolik yang temuan umumnya adalah kadar glukosa darah yang meningkat. Pada usia 20-79 tahun, terdapat 463 juta atau setara 9,3% orang di dunia menderita diabetes pada tahun 2019. Diabetes melitus tipe 2 ditandai dengan defisiensi insulin relatif yang disebabkan oleh disfungsi sel pankreas dan resistensi insulin. Faktor risiko penyebabnya dibagi menjadi dua yaitu faktor risiko yang dapat dimodifikasi dan tidak dapat dimodifikasi. Gejala klasik diabetes seperti poliuria, polidipsia, polifagia dan penurunan berat badan yang tidak dapat dijelaskan sebabnya. Empat tes diagnostik untuk diabetes yaitu pengukuran glukosa plasma puasa, glukosa plasma 2 jam setelah TTGO 75 g, HbA1c, dan glukosa darah acak dengan adanya tanda dan gejala klasik diabetes. Tatalaksana dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu farmakologi dan non farmakologi. Tatalaksana non farmakologis terdiri atas edukasi, nutrisi medis, dan latihan fisik. Terapi farmakologis terdiri atas obat oral dan bentuk suntikan dalam bentu obat anti hiperglikemik dan insulin. Terapi farmakologi dan non farmakologi ini berjalan beriringan. Penulisan artikel ini menggunakan metode literature review dan diharapkan dapat dijadikan acuan kedepan dalam melakukan tindakan pencegahan dan pengobatan pasien diabetes melitus sehingga prevalensi berkurang dan komplikasi dapat dihindari. AbstractDiabetes mellitus describes a group of metabolic diseases whose common finding is elevated blood glucose levels. At the age of 20-79 years, there were 463 million or 9.3% of people in the world suffer from diabetes in 2019. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by relative insulin deficiency caused by pancreatic cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. The risk factors that cause it are divided into two, namely modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. The classic symptoms of diabetes include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia and unexplained weight loss. The four diagnostic tests for diabetes are measurement of fasting plasma glucose, plasma glucose 2 hours after OGTT 75 g, HbA1c, and randomized blood glucose in the presence of classic signs and symptoms of diabetes. Treatment is divided into two, namely pharmacological and non-pharmacological. Non-pharmacological management consists of education, medical nutrition, and physical exercise. Pharmacological therapy consists of oral drugs and injections in the form of anti-hyperglycemic drugs and insulin. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy goes hand in hand. The writing of this article uses the literature review method and is expected to be used as a future reference in carrying out prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus patients so that prevalence is reduced and complications can be avoided.

Socio-Cultural Factors on the Tradition of Consuming Sweet Food Dishes during Events in Central Java with the Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus

“…Severe hyperglycemia can give rise to symptoms such as polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, unexplained weight loss, fatigue and decreased performance, visual impairment and prone to ketoacidosis or non-ketoacidosis infections. Chronic hyperglycemia also causes impaired insulin secretion and/or work and is associated with long-term damage and functional impairment of various tissues and organs (Widiasari, Wijaya, & Suputra, 2021).…”

Brisk walking exercise as an effort to reduce blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus

“…Post test blood glucose levels in this study were measured by looking at the results of measuring blood glucose levels using a glucometer after completing the brisk walking exercise at the last meeting. According to Widiasari et al (2021) non-pharmacological management for DM sufferers consists of education, diet and physical exercise. Physical exercise is the third and very important aspect in controlling DM.…”

The Relationship of Risk Factors to the Incidence of Type II Diabetes Mellitus in Pre-Elderly and Elderly (Study in Ternate City)

“…In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, there are several drug regimens or preparations that can be given. Some of the therapeutic options that can be given are the Biguanide group (Prasetyo, 2019;Widiasari, Wijaya, & Saputra, 2021). The firstline diabetes treatment often given to patients is the biguanide group, and one of the regimens often given is metformin.…”