Diabetes Self-management Education and Support in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Report of the American Diabetes Association, the Association of Diabetes Care & Education Specialists, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of PAs, the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, and the American Pharmacists Association

Abstract

Diabetes is a complex and challenging disease that requires daily self-management decisions made by the person with diabetes. Diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) addresses the comprehensive blend of clinical, educational, psychosocial, and behavioral aspects of care needed for daily self-management and provides the foundation to help all people with diabetes navigate their daily self-care with confidence and improved outcomes (1,2). The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes is projected to increase in the U.S. from 22.3 million (9.1% of the total population) in 2014, to 39.7 million (13%) in 2030, and to 60.6 million (17%) in 2060 (3). Approximately 90-95% of those with diabetes have type 2 diabetes (4). Diabetes is an expensive disease, and the medical costs of health care alone for a person with diabetes are 2.3 times more than for a person without diabetes (5). Confounding the diabetes epidemic and high costs, therapeutic targets are not being met (6). There is a lack of improvement in reaching clinical target goals since 2005 despite advancements in medication and technology treatment modalities. Indeed, between 2010 and 2016 improved outcomes stalled or reversed (6). The goals of this Consensus Report are to improve clinical care and education services, to improve the health of individuals and populations, and to reduce diabetesassociated per capita health care costs (1,7). This article is specifically directed toward health care providers (physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants [PAs]), referred to herein as providers, as it outlines the benefits of DSMES, defines four critical times to provide and modify DSMES (see Fig. 1), proposes how to locate DSMESrelated resources, and discusses potential solutions to access and utilization barriers. This

Family Support in Caring for Diabetes Mellitus Patient: Patient’s Perspective

“…Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that states with hyperglycemia [1], [3], [4]. The increasing number of diabetes mellitus patients each year also increases morbidity and mortality due to complications arising from diabetes mellitus.…”

Patterns and associated factors of diabetes self-management: Results of a latent class analysis in a German population-based study

“…However, empirical evidence suggests that a one-time participation in a DSME program may not yield long-term effects [42]. This emphasizes the importance of repeated DSME participation for persons with diabetes [4]. Yet, only 62.7% of respondents within our sample participated in a DSME-program at least once in their life.…”

“…For persons with diabetes, consistent engagement in diabetes self-management can help achieving a near-normal blood glucose in order to reduce the risk of micro-and macrovascular complications and excessmortality associated with diabetes [2,3]. Therefore, national and international guidelines for the care of diabetes include self-management behaviour (SMB) as a core component in the treatment of diabetes [4]. Most components of SMB are necessary for both type I diabetes and type II diabetes, such as HbA1c-measurement, self-examination of feet, attendance of retinopathy-screenings and holding a diabetes pass.…”

Effectiveness of Diabetes Self-management Education Against Diet Behavior in Patients Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Literature Review

“…DSME as an effective education, cost protection, can prevent complications. A variety of culturally appropriate services is offered as a form of regulation, utilizes technology, facilitates access to DSME services, makes self-management decisions, and reduces the likelihood of complications [10], [20]. DSME has positive effects on the clinical, psychosocial, and behavioral aspects of diabetes [20].…”