“…Treatment of coexisting and dynamically interrelated impaired renal function, musculoskeletal and other systemic diseases is complicated and challenging, especially in the advanced stages of CKD. Te therapeutic role of antiresorptive medications in these patients remains is still debated [6,23,36,62,123,185,[205][206][207]. In non-CKD populations, aminobisphosphonates, denosumab (a fully human monoclonal antibody that, by binding to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), prevents receptor activation of RANK and resulting in potent antiresorptive activity) and romosozumab (a humanized monoclonal antibody (IgG2) that binds to sclerostin and acts as an inhibitor), the major (frst and second line) therapy in OP, have been shown to reduce OFs (HF-approximately by 40%, vertebral fracture by 45-70%, non-vertebral by 20-30%) [113,121,122,[208][209][210][211][212][213][214][215]), although the possible benefcial efects of anti-OP treatment among individuals with high fracture risk but limited life expectancy (e.g., the oldest nursing home residents) is controversial [216,217]; in patients aged >75 years, anti-OP treatment did not reduce signifcantly the occurrence of HFs [218,219].…”