Diagnosing water treatment critical control points for cyanobacterial removal: Exploring benefits of combined microscopy, next-generation sequencing, and cell integrity methods

Zamyadi, Arash; Romanis, Caitlin S.; Mills, Toby; Neilan, Brett A.; Choo, Florence; Coral, Lucila Adriani; Gale, D.; Newcombe, Gayle; Crosbie, Nicholas D.; Stuetz, Richard M.; Henderson, Rita K.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.002

Cited by 39 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Cells have varying tolerance to shear stress with green algae generally found to be more resistant to cell lysis relative to other phytoplankton [31,32]. A similar trend has been observed with oxidation of cells where green algae have been shown to be more resistant to oxidation relative to cyanobacteria species like Microcystis via ozone, potassium permanganate, and hydrogen peroxide [6,33,34].…”

Section: Separation Efficiency Of Mini-hydrocyclonementioning

confidence: 63%

“…An inverted microscope was used to count cells in the feed water mixed species, overflow, and underflow samples after preservation with Lugol's iodine [23]. For cell integrity, simultaneous fluorescent cell-staining was applied and analyzed with a BD Accuri C6 Flow Cytometer (BD, Oxford, UK), as described in [6]. The two stains applied were fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and propidium iodide (PI).…”

Section: Cell Integrity and Counting Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The separation of cells was consistent over time in both the underflow and overflow samples with the number of cells present after 5 min, which is similar to those at 30 min. where green algae have been shown to be more resistant to oxidation relative to cyanobacteria species like Microcystis via ozone, potassium permanganate, and hydrogen peroxide [6,33,34]. Although Figure 2 shows the separation of cells in Lake Champlain water, cells were also spiked into the DI water and a comparison of the separation efficiency for these two background matrices can be found in Figure 3.…”

Section: Separation Efficiency Of Mini-hydrocyclonementioning

confidence: 99%

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Mini-Hydrocyclone Separation of Cyanobacterial and Green Algae: Impact on Cell Viability and Chlorine Consumption

Moradinejad¹,

Vandamme

Glover³

et al. 2019

Water

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The co-occurrence of non-toxic phytoplankton alongside cyanobacteria adds to the challenge of treating source waters with harmful algal blooms. The non-toxic species consume the oxidant and, thereby, reduce the efficacy of oxidation of both the extracellular and intracellular cyanotoxins. In this work, a 3D printed mini-hydrocyclone was used to separate a mixture of non-toxic green algae, Scenedesmus obliquus, from a toxic species of cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa. When water is pumped through the mini-hydrocyclone, cells exit through an overflow or underflow port depending on their size, shape, and density relative to the other cells and particles in the water matrix. The overflow port contains the cells that are smaller and less dense since these particles move toward the center of the hydrocyclone. In this work, the majority (>93%) of Microcystis cells were found in the overflow while the underflow contained primarily the Scenedesmus (>80%). This level of separation efficiency was maintained over the 30-min experiment and the majority of both cells (>86%) remained viable following the separation, which indicates that the pumping combined with forces exerted within the mini-hydrocyclone were not sufficient to cause cell death. The impact of free chlorine on the cells both pre-separation and post-separation was evaluated at two doses (1 and 2 mg/L). After separation, the overflow, which contained primarily Microcystis, had at least a 24% reduction in the free chlorine decay rate as compared to the feed water, which contained both species. This reduction in chlorine consumption shows that the cells separated via mini-hydrocyclone would likely require lower doses of oxidant to produce a similar level of degradation of the cyanotoxins present in either the extracellular or intracellular form. However, future work should be undertaken to evaluate this effect in natural bloom samples.

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Section: Separation Efficiency Of Mini-hydrocyclonementioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Cell Integrity and Counting Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Separation Efficiency Of Mini-hydrocyclonementioning

confidence: 99%

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Mini-Hydrocyclone Separation of Cyanobacterial and Green Algae: Impact on Cell Viability and Chlorine Consumption

Moradinejad¹,

Vandamme

Glover³

et al. 2019

Water

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“…Cyanobacteria have been recorded in WSPs throughout the world (Barrington, Reichwaldt, & Ghadouani, 2013;Furtado et al, 2009;Huisman et al, 2018;Kotut, Ballot, Wiegand, & Krienitz, 2010;Martins, Peixe, & Vasconcelos, 2010;Martins, Peixe, & Vasconcelos, 2011;Oudra et al, 2002;Oufdou et al, 2000;Vasconcelos & Pereira, 2001;Zamyadi et al, 2019), and their toxins impact upon WSP ecology through physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms (Martins et al, 2011). Cyanobacteria have a competitive advantage over other phytoplankton due to their ability to regulate their buoyancy, forming dense blooms and surface scums ( Figure 5d), resulting in shading of organisms below (Brookes & Ganf, 2001;Casanova, Burch, Brock, & Bond, 1999;Huisman et al, 2018;Paerl, 1988;Scheffer, Rinaldi, Gragnani, Mur, & van Nes, 1997).…”

Section: Pond Ecology and Cyanobacterial Bloomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The small, the big, and the beautiful: Emerging challenges and opportunities for waste stabilization ponds in Australia

2019

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Waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) are used extensively for the treatment of wastewater in Australia, mostly in regional and remote areas. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) using pond technologies are also distributed over the full geographical extent of Australia, encompassing many climatic zones. Predominantly used to service small to medium‐sized communities, WSPs are also used to service large metropolitan Australian populations, up to 2.5 million people. When well‐maintained, WSPs are a sustainable and resilient treatment option, and treatment is achieved at significantly lower cost when compared with conventional WWTPs. Increasing population, changing regulations, and climate variability are placing increasing pressure on Australian WSP systems. Sludge accumulation over time presents a significant challenge to pond maintenance, along with increasing occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial bloom events. These challenges are only enhanced by the wide geographical distribution and by increasing operational and maintenance costs. Increased demand for recycled water is placing further pressure on Australian WSP systems, as higher value treated water is expected from WSP infrastructure that is often overloaded or under‐designed. This increased demand for high‐quality treatment presents an opportunity for operators and researchers to develop a better understanding of the coupling between hydraulics and microbial ecology of these systems. With more stringent guidelines for greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), a better understanding of biophysicochemical processes in WSPs will lead to better estimates of GHG fluxes and variability. This information will become critical for the future planning, maintenance and operation of WSPs, and will result in a better understanding of WSP systems overall. This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water

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“…Climate change and human activities have increased the occurrence and severity of cyanobacterial blooms in surface waters used for drinking water, agriculture, and recreation [1][2][3][4]. These blooms represent a threat to both ecological and human health when present in surface waters as a result of the biomass and the release of harmful intracellular metabolites, i.e., cyanotoxins [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Hydrogen Peroxide and Copper Sulfate on the Delayed Release of Microcystin

Zamyadi

Greenstein

Glover

et al. 2020

Water

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Algicides, like hydrogen peroxide and copper sulfate, are commonly applied to recreational waters and drinking water sources to mitigate cyanobacterial blooms. In this work, the effects of hydrogen peroxide and copper sulfate were evaluated in two natural bloom samples (collected from Canadian and American waterbodies) and one lab-cultured Microcystis aeruginosa suspended in Colorado River water. Five algicide to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dose ratios were evaluated during an initial exposure period of 24 h. One dose ratio (0.4 H2O2:DOC or 0.25 CuSO4:DOC) was then evaluated during stagnation after quenching (hydrogen peroxide) or extended exposure (copper sulfate) for up to 96 or 168 h. During the initial hydrogen peroxide exposure, the CA bloom had no release of intracellular microcystins (MCs) and the USA bloom only released MC at 4 H2O2:DOC. The reverse occurred with copper sulfate, where the CA bloom released MCs at 0.6 CuSO4:DOC but the USA bloom had no detectable extracellular MCs. Extracellular MC was released from the lab-cultured Microcystis at the lowest hydrogen peroxide and copper sulfate doses. In the hydrogen peroxide stagnation experiment, intracellular MC decreased in the USA bloom after 168 h despite the low dose applied. Similarly, the extended copper sulfate exposure led to intracellular MC decreases in both bloom samples after 168 h, despite showing no impact during the initial 24 h monitoring period. The lab-cultured Microcystis was again less resistant to both algicides, with releases observed after less than 2 h of stagnation or exposure. The damage to cells as measured by pigments during these experiments did not match the MC data, indicating that blooms with depressed pigment levels can still be a risk to nearby drinking water sources or recreational activities. These results provide insight on the timeline (up to one week) required for monitoring the potential release of MCs after algicide application.

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Diagnosing water treatment critical control points for cyanobacterial removal: Exploring benefits of combined microscopy, next-generation sequencing, and cell integrity methods

Cited by 39 publications

References 41 publications

Mini-Hydrocyclone Separation of Cyanobacterial and Green Algae: Impact on Cell Viability and Chlorine Consumption

Mini-Hydrocyclone Separation of Cyanobacterial and Green Algae: Impact on Cell Viability and Chlorine Consumption

The small, the big, and the beautiful: Emerging challenges and opportunities for waste stabilization ponds in Australia

Impact of Hydrogen Peroxide and Copper Sulfate on the Delayed Release of Microcystin

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