Diagnosis and current management of retinoblastoma

Balmer, Aubin; Zografos, Léonidas; Munier, Francis L.

doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209622

Cited by 137 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In this plaque-like form, the retinoblastomas develop in a flat manner on the surface or beneath the retina, with no obvious solid mass and no calcifications. They progress towards the anterior segment, where they can mimic anterior uveitis with pseudohypopyon [25]. In our study population, a diffuse anterior retinoblastoma was detected in 11% of the children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The growth types of retinoblastomas included an endophytic form, an exophytic form, a mixed endophytic-exophytic form, and a diffuse pattern [1,25]. The diffuse infiltrating form is the growth pattern most rarely found and is detected in about 1-2% of retinoblastomas overall.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Retinoblastomas are malignant tumors of the immature retina and are the result of a ‘two-hit' oncogenic mutation usually occurring between the start of the third month after conception and the age of 4 years. This period represents the time window of the apparition and final maturity of retinoblasts [25]. It explains the usually young age at the time of diagnosis of the tumor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Retinoblastoma in Chinese Children Aged Five to Fourteen Years

Chang

Shi²,

Zhao³

et al. 2015

Ophthalmologica

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Objective: To assess the characteristics of retinoblastomas enucleated from Chinese children aged 5-14 years. Methods: This retrospective hospital-based study included all eyes with retinoblastomas consecutively enucleated in the Beijing Tongren Hospital between August 2003 and July 2013. Results: Out of 1,205 patients, 47 (3.9%) were 5 years or older. All tumors in this age group occurred unilaterally, the patients had a negative family history, and the tumors were detected at an age of 6.9 ± 1.8 years (range: 5-14). The main clinical features at the time of examining the as yet untreated children aged 5-7 years (n = 30) or >7-14 years (n = 10) were leukocoria, strabismus, pseudohypopyon, hypertension, vitreous seeds (‘snowballs'), and calcifications. In 12 patients (26%), the retinoblastoma had not initially been diagnosed as a tumor. Histopathology revealed tumor invasion into nonretinal tissue in 19 eyes (40%). Therapy included enucleation only (n = 22; 47%), adjuvant systemic chemotherapy (n = 24; 51%), and additional orbital exenteration (n = 1). After a mean follow-up of 3.0 ± 2.1 years (range: 0.2-9.8), which was done for 40 children, none of these children showed a tumor recurrence. Conclusions: Of the children undergoing enucleation for retinoblastoma in Beijing, 3.9% were aged 5 years or more. As in Western countries, the tumor occurrence was unilateral, their family history was negative, and the survival rate was relatively high in these children. In 1 out of 4 children, the tumor had initially been misdiagnosed due to a masquerade syndrome. Retinoblastoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any unclear intraocular situation in children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Retinoblastoma in Chinese Children Aged Five to Fourteen Years

Chang

Shi²,

Zhao³

et al. 2015

Ophthalmologica

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“…In the early 20th century, a child suffering from retinoblastoma had little chance of survival. However, currently more than 95% of affected children survive because of the available therapeutic options 2. Over the past decade, many groups have demonstrated the efficacy of systemic chemoreduction followed by local therapies with variable success 3 – 20.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical manifestations and treatment of retinoblastoma in Korea

Chung

Seok

Koo

et al. 2008

British Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…The histopathological diagnosis remains challenging, especially to differentiate this tumour from retinoblastoma, a malignant tumour of the immature retina probably emerging from precursor cone photoreceptor cells or multi-potent retinoblasts (Balmer and others 2006). Medulloepitheliomas most often have a ciliary origin, but the optic nerve and retina are other potential structures that may be at the origin of an intraocular medulloepithelioma (Al-Salam and others 2008).…”

Section: Differential Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapidly growing primary malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma of the ciliary body in a gelding

Bergen

Vries

Ducatelle

et al. 2014

Vet Record Case Reports

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Intraocular medulloepithelioma is a relatively rare tumour in horses which is difficult to differentiate from retinoblastoma. The rate of growth of this tumour has not been investigated so far. We present a case of a primary intraocular teratoid malignant medulloepithelioma in a four-year-old gelding that was unilaterally blind at presentation. Repeated examination revealed rapid growth of the tumour. After enucleation of the affected eye, the horse returned to its former level of performance without recurrence for 12 months postoperatively. The histological and immunohistochemical examination of the mass clearly confirmed the malignancy of the tumour. Clinicians should be aware of the potential malignant behaviour of intraocular neoplasias. Immunohisto chemistry plays an important role in the final diagnosis

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Diagnosis and current management of retinoblastoma

Cited by 137 publications

References 42 publications

Retinoblastoma in Chinese Children Aged Five to Fourteen Years

Retinoblastoma in Chinese Children Aged Five to Fourteen Years

Clinical manifestations and treatment of retinoblastoma in Korea

Rapidly growing primary malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma of the ciliary body in a gelding

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