Diagnosis and interpretation of testing for cat scratch disease

Khalfe, Nasim; Lin, Doris

doi:10.1080/08998280.2021.1984791

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…B. henselae PCR tests sensitivities vary from 43% to 100%; false‐negative PCR may be explained by the lack of sensitivity, timing of sample was obtained, presence of anti‐coagulants and other PCR‐inhibitory components, and samples taken after long periods of antibiotic therapy 31 . In our patient, with long‐standing cat exposure, the duration of illness may have exceeded 6 weeks; in addition, blood PCR was obtained after three courses of antibiotic therapy, so that a negative B. henselae PCR does not exclude the presence of CSD in her case, especially in the setting of a compatible clinical picture and positive serology 32 . A PCR testing of the lymph node was not performed in our case since it is an invasive procedure and often requires sedation in pediatric patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…31 In our patient, with long-standing cat exposure, the duration of illness may have exceeded 6 weeks; in addition, blood PCR was obtained after three courses of antibiotic therapy, so that a negative B. henselae PCR does not exclude the presence of CSD in her case, especially in the setting of a compatible clinical picture and positive serology. 32 A PCR testing of the lymph node was not performed in our case since it is an invasive procedure and often requires sedation in pediatric patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and skull base osteomyelitis as manifestations of cat‐scratch disease in a pediatric patient: A case report and literature review

Otufowora,

Lee,

Mohideen

et al. 2023

Clinical Case Reports

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and skull base osteomyelitis as manifestations of cat‐scratch disease in a pediatric patient: A case report and literature review

Otufowora,

Lee,

Mohideen

et al. 2023

Clinical Case Reports

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show abstract

“…The major challenge for clinicians and microbiologists is that PCR requires specific target, which is sometimes unidentified initially. Another factor for PCR sensitivity is the type of sample, since Khalfe N. and Lin D. observed decreased PCR sensitivity in paraffin embedded sample fixed by formalin [ 30 ]. In comparison, NGS could detect the species of pathogen with a quantity profile, offering assistance for clinicians to narrow down suspected pathogens at an early stage of diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-COVID reactivation of latent Bartonella henselae infection: a case report and literature review

Dong,

Alhaskawi,

Zou

et al. 2024

BMC Infect Dis

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Cat scratch disease (CSD) is caused by Bartonella henselae (B. henselae) and presents as lymphadenopathy following close contact with cats. However, in context of the global COVID-19 pandemic, clinical manifestations of CSD may vary, posing new challenges for healthcare professionals. Here we describe a case of a 54-year-old male with painful left upper arm mass, which gradually resolved until he was infected with COVID-19. The mass then rapidly progressed before admission. Meanwhile, pulmonary symptoms including pleural effusion emerged simultaneously. The cause was undetermined with routine blood culture and pathological test until the next generation sequencing (NGS) confirmed the presence of B. henselae. We believe this case is the first to report localized aggravation of CSD after COVID-19 infection and hopefully, offers treatment experience for clinicians worldwide.

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“…Bartonellae are Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogens, which infect diverse mammals including humans. Clinically relevant infections with Bartonella are caused by zoonotic Bartonella henselae, the agent of the cat scratch disease (CSD; Huarcaya et al, 2002;Khalfe and Lin, 2022) or human-specific species such as Bartonella bacilliformis, the agent of the lifethreatening Carrion's disease, and Bartonella quintana, which causes trench fever (Maguina et al, 2009;Mada et al, 2022). Bartonellae are highly host-restricted pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bartonella taylorii: A Model Organism for Studying Bartonella Infection in vitro and in vivo

et al. 2022

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Bartonella spp. are Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogens that infect diverse mammals and cause a long-lasting intra-erythrocytic bacteremia in their natural host. These bacteria translocate Bartonella effector proteins (Beps) into host cells via their VirB/VirD4 type 4 secretion system (T4SS) in order to subvert host cellular functions, thereby leading to the downregulation of innate immune responses. Most studies on the functional analysis of the VirB/VirD4 T4SS and the Beps were performed with the major zoonotic pathogen Bartonella henselae for which efficient in vitro infection protocols have been established. However, its natural host, the cat, is unsuitable as an experimental infection model. In vivo studies were mostly confined to rodent models using rodent-specific Bartonella species, while the in vitro infection protocols devised for B. henselae are not transferable for those pathogens. The disparities of in vitro and in vivo studies in different species have hampered progress in our understanding of Bartonella pathogenesis. Here we describe the murine-specific strain Bartonella taylorii IBS296 as a new model organism facilitating the study of bacterial pathogenesis both in vitro in cell cultures and in vivo in laboratory mice. We implemented the split NanoLuc luciferase-based translocation assay to study BepD translocation through the VirB/VirD4 T4SS. We found increased effector-translocation into host cells if the bacteria were grown on tryptic soy agar (TSA) plates and experienced a temperature shift immediately before infection. The improved infectivity in vitro was correlating to an upregulation of the VirB/VirD4 T4SS. Using our adapted infection protocols, we showed BepD-dependent immunomodulatory phenotypes in vitro. In mice, the implemented growth conditions enabled infection by a massively reduced inoculum without having an impact on the course of the intra-erythrocytic bacteremia. The established model opens new avenues to study the role of the VirB/VirD4 T4SS and the translocated Bep effectors in vitro and in vivo.

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Diagnosis and interpretation of testing for cat scratch disease

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and skull base osteomyelitis as manifestations of cat‐scratch disease in a pediatric patient: A case report and literature review

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and skull base osteomyelitis as manifestations of cat‐scratch disease in a pediatric patient: A case report and literature review

Post-COVID reactivation of latent Bartonella henselae infection: a case report and literature review

Bartonella taylorii: A Model Organism for Studying Bartonella Infection in vitro and in vivo

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