Diagnosis of apple replant disease (ARD): Microscopic evidence of early symptoms in fine roots of different apple rootstock genotypes

Grunewaldt-Stöcker, Gisela; Mahnkopp, Felix; Popp, Carolin; Maiß, E.; Winkelmann, Traud

doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2018.09.014

Cited by 64 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…By contrast, no information regarding its ARD reaction was available for the rootstock genotype B63 at the beginning of our experiment. Recently, root microscopic and bio-test data proved this genotype to react similarly to M26, in response to ARD (Grunewaldt-Stöcker et al, 2019). Our present results on plant growth and CG expression support the observation that B63 has to be considered as ARD-sensitive.…”

Section: Genotypic Differences Are Found For Gene Expression In Resposupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Replanting apple trees at a site previously occupied by an apple plant leads to stunted shoot growth with shortened internodes, root damage, root tip necrosis, and reduction of functional root hairs (Caruso et al, 1989;Mazzola, 1998;Mazzola and Manici, 2012;Yim et al, 2013;Grunewaldt-Stöcker et al, 2019). These symptoms are referred to as apple replant disease (ARD).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genes Involved in Stress Response and Especially in Phytoalexin Biosynthesis Are Upregulated in Four Malus Genotypes in Response to Apple Replant Disease

et al. 2020

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Apple replant disease (ARD) is a soil-borne disease, which is of particular importance for fruit tree nurseries and fruit growers. The disease manifests by a poor vegetative development, stunted growth, and reduced yield in terms of quantity and quality, if apple plants (usually rootstocks) are replanted several times at the same site. Genotypespecific differences in the reaction of apple plants to ARD are documented, but less is known about the genetic mechanisms behind this symptomatology. Recent transcriptome analyses resulted in a number of candidate genes possibly involved in the plant response. In the present study, the expression of 108 selected candidate genes was investigated in root and leaf tissue of four different apple genotypes grown in untreated ARD soil and ARD soil disinfected by g-irradiation originating from two different sites in Germany. Thirty-nine out of the 108 candidate genes were differentially expressed in roots by taking a p-value of < 0.05 and a fold change of > 1.5 as cutoff. Sixteen genes were more than 4.5-fold upregulated in roots of plants grown in ARD soil. The four genes MNL2 (putative mannosidase); ALF5 (multi antimicrobial extrusion protein); UGT73B4 (uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferase 73B4), and ECHI (chitinbinding) were significantly upregulated in roots. These genes seem to be related to the host plant response to ARD, although they have never been described in this context before. Six of the highly upregulated genes belong to the phytoalexin biosynthesis pathway. Their genotype-specific gene expression pattern was consistent with the phytoalexin content measured in roots. The biphenyl synthase (BIS) genes were found to be useful as early biomarkers for ARD, because their expression pattern correlated well with the phenotypic reaction of the Malus genotypes investigated.

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Section: Genotypic Differences Are Found For Gene Expression In Resposupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genes Involved in Stress Response and Especially in Phytoalexin Biosynthesis Are Upregulated in Four Malus Genotypes in Response to Apple Replant Disease

et al. 2020

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“…After one week, the expression of all three genes in grass soil was nearly comparable to the one in ARD soil, but after two weeks there was a significantly higher expression in ARD soil. Previous studies also reported growth reduction and browning of roots in grass soil in comparison to γ-irradiated grass or ARD soil [12,44]. Thus, we assume a molecular defense reaction against biotic stress to be also initiated in grass soil, but in ARD soil it was becoming much stronger with time.…”

Section: Buildup Of the Phytoalexin Defense Reaction As Possible Caussupporting

confidence: 49%

“…After growing in the soils for eight weeks, M26 plants showed typical ARD symptoms in comparison to the respective γ-disinfected controls (Fig 1). The roots of the plants grown in the untreated ARD soil were dark in coloration, which has been reported to be due to cellular damage and necrosis [1,10,44] but also deposition of phenolic compounds [10]. In addition, the plants of the untreated ARD variants in all soils had fewer fine roots, which resulted in a significantly reduced root dry mass in ARD soil from Ellerhoop and Heidgraben (Fig 2).…”

Section: Differences In Shoot Growth Alone May Not Be Suitable To Assmentioning

confidence: 89%

Identification and validation of early genetic biomarkers for apple replant disease

et al. 2020

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Apple replant disease (ARD) is a serious threat to producers of apple trees and fruits worldwide. The ARD etiology is not unraveled and managing options are either economically not applicable or environmentally harmful. Thus, interest is given in biomarkers that allow to indicate ARD situations at early time points in order to classify soils according to ARD severity but also to analyze the effectiveness to potential countermeasures. This study aimed at (i) identifying ARD biomarkers on the transcriptional level in root tissue by analyzing the expression of previously identified candidate genes in ARD soils of different origin and texture and (ii) testing the specificity of these marker genes to ARD. In vitro propagated M26 plantlets were submitted to a bio-test with three ARD soils, either untreated or disinfected by γ-irradiation. Expression of seven candidate genes identified in a previous transcriptomic study was investigated by RT-qPCR in a time course experiment. Already three days after planting, a prominent upregulation of the phytoalexin biosynthesis genes biphenyl synthase 3 (BIS3) and biphenyl 4-hydroxylase (B4Hb) was observed in the untreated ARD variants of all three soils. The phytoalexin composition in roots was comparable for all three soils and the total phytoalexin content correlated with the expression of BIS3 and B4Hb. The third promising candidate gene that was upregulated under ARD conditions was the ethyleneresponsive transcription factor 1B-like (ERF1B). In a second experiment M26 plantlets were exposed to different abiotic stressors, namely heat, salt and nutrient starvation, and candidate gene expression was determined in the roots. The expression levels of BIS3 and B4Hb were highly and specifically upregulated in ARD soil, but not upon the abiotic stress conditions, whereas ERF1B also showed higher expression under heat stress. In conclusion, BIS3 and B4Hb are recommended as early ARD biomarkers due to their high expression levels and their high specificity.

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“…[23]). Early diagnostic tools were suggested using microscopic preparations of apple roots [113], however, they might not allow to quantify the severity of the disease. A possible approach is to develop early genetic markers on the transcriptional level.…”

Section: Efficacy Of Biofumigation On Replant Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Biofumigation for Fighting Replant Disease- A Review

Hanschen

Winkelmann

2020

Agronomy

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Replant disease is a soil (micro-) biome-based, harmfully-disturbed physiological and morphological reaction of plants to replanting similar cultures on the same sites by demonstrating growth retardation and leading to economic losses especially in Rosaceae plant production. Commonly, replant disease is overcome by soil fumigation with toxic chemicals. With chemical soil fumigation being restricted in many countries, other strategies are needed. Biofumigation, which is characterized by the incorporation of Brassicaceae plant materials into soil, is a promising method. We review the potential of biofumigation in the fight against replant disease. Biofumigation using optimized Brassicaceae seed meal compositions in combination with replant disease tolerant plant genotypes shows promising results, but the efficacy is still soil and site-dependent. Therefore, future studies should address the optimal timing as well as amount and type of incorporated plant material and environmental conditions during incubation in dependence of the soil physical and chemical characteristics.

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Diagnosis of apple replant disease (ARD): Microscopic evidence of early symptoms in fine roots of different apple rootstock genotypes

Cited by 64 publications

References 33 publications

Genes Involved in Stress Response and Especially in Phytoalexin Biosynthesis Are Upregulated in Four Malus Genotypes in Response to Apple Replant Disease

Genes Involved in Stress Response and Especially in Phytoalexin Biosynthesis Are Upregulated in Four Malus Genotypes in Response to Apple Replant Disease

Identification and validation of early genetic biomarkers for apple replant disease

Biofumigation for Fighting Replant Disease- A Review

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