Diagnosis of contamination introduced by ammonia at the cathode in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

Yuan, Xiao‐Zi; Li, Hui; Yu, Yi; Jiang, Max; Qian, Weimin; Zhang, Shengsheng; Wang, Haijiang; Wessel, Silvia; Cheng, Tommy

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.05.125

Cited by 54 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The adsorbent is also applicable to some reversible metal hydride materials, such as in the LiMg-N-H system [6,7,29]. The ammonia impurity in hydrogen that is released from these storage materials needs to be removed in order to protect the fuel cell system from degradation [8,9]. The SAE J2719 Hydrogen Purity guideline [10] specifies an upper ammonia limit of 0.1 ppm, in order to achieve that goal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia sorbent development for on-board H2 purification

Hassel¹,

Karra²,

Santana³

et al. 2015

Separation and Purification Technology

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a b s t r a c tThe application of chemical hydrides (e.g. ammonia borane) and amide-based hydrogen storage materials would benefit from an effective means to remove ammonia, which is an impurity that is detrimental to the performance of a PEM fuel cell. One option is to adsorb ammonia on a sorbent with high capacity that would also be regenerable. Such a sorbent was developed by impregnating super activated carbon with metal chlorides (MgCl 2 , ZnCl 2 , MnCl 2 ). The sorbent was characterized through static and dynamic adsorption experiments. It was shown to have a good cyclic stability. The filter weight, volume and pressure drop appears reasonable for an onboard vehicle application when it would be replaced/regenerated every 1800 miles, similar to an oil change.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia sorbent development for on-board H2 purification

Hassel¹,

Karra²,

Santana³

et al. 2015

Separation and Purification Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Polarization curves for different conditions were obtained following the FCTESTnet procedure for single cells and the technical specification IEC/TS 62282-7-1 of the IEC (International Electrochemical Commission) [30,31].…”

Section: Experimental Test Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, Zhang et al [30] studied the effects of ammonia at fixed concentration (25 ppm) with long term exposure (> 6h), varying the relative humidity, but without the cell functioning, or operating. Additionally, very low concentrations (1-2 ppm) effects are studied in [31]; however, in this case, the NH 3 input is in the cathode side. A detailed study on the conductivity of Nafion membranes via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was explored by Hongsirikarn et al in [32]; though, the authors did not analyze the performance of the entire cell.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Ammonia Impurities on the Hydrogen Flow in High and Low Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

et al. 2019

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Fuel cells are a promising technology to use as a source of electricity and heat for buildings, and as an electrical power source for electric motors propelling vehicles. They consume hydrogen as fuel and oxygen to produce electricity, heat and water. Conventional fuels, such as natural gas, methanol, or even gasoline are reformed to produce the hydrogen required by the fuel cells. During the reforming process, impurities are inevitably obtained in the hydrogen flow. One of them is ammonia (NH 3 ) that can result in serious damage to the fuel cell operation. In this paper, the effects produced by different concentrations of NH 3 present in the hydrogen flow on the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) performance are studied, differentiating between irreversible and recoverable damages. Strictly experimental, the study includes both low and high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC).The NH 3 poisoning effect is analyzed and quantified by comparing the polarization curves. After the poisoning stage, the cells are subjected to a regeneration process (feeding the cell with neat H 2 ) with the aim of knowing the membrane's recovery capacity. The experimental results demonstrate that in low temperature (LT)-PEFCs, the cell recovers its performance almost completely with a new exposure to neat H 2 , in spite of the damage previously caused by the presence of traces of NH 3 in the anode feed stream. In contrast, in high temperature (HT)-PEFCs, the cell suffers irreversible damage, even with short time exposure to NH 3 . The paper concludes with discussing the possible chemical interactions by which NH 3 affects the cell performance.

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“…Thus, produced hydrogen are liable to have impurities like carbon monoxide (CO) , , ammonia (NH 3 ) , hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) , which affects the performance of cell. In most of real time applications the cathode air is fed from atmosphere using a low pressure blower to the system, wherein the atmospheric air containing traces of nitrogen dioxides (NO 2 ) , , sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) , ammonia (NH 3 ) , , chlorides , cationic contaminants , organic compounds etc., are also reported to deteriorate the performance of PEMFC. The extent of degradation in cell performance depends on the concentration of impurities as well the duration of exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on PEMFC Stack for SO₂ Contamination at Air Cathode

et al. 2017

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Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a common atmospheric contaminant which has a deleterious effect on performance of fuel cells. In the present paper, we are reporting the performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack exposed to SO2 as a contaminant, introduced in air stream and the process of recovery. The stack is exposed to a non‐continuous step wise poisoning of 10ppm of SO2 in air for about 100 minutes. The response of stack to the contaminant exposure is observed to understand the immediate effect of SO2 on stack performance and its distribution profile among individual cells. Successive polarization recovery technique, by cycling between two voltages, is adopted to recover the stack after contamination. The sulfur adsorption onto platinum can also be associated to weak and strong adhesion of sulfur species leading to drop in catalyst utilization. The recovery suggests that the sulfur is irreversibly adsorbed on to platinum sites at low current density regions. However, at higher current densities, in the presence of H2O, this undergoes rapid hydrolysis to form H2SO4, leading to partial recovery. The recovered performance of the stack is also presented.

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Diagnosis of contamination introduced by ammonia at the cathode in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

Cited by 54 publications

References 32 publications

Ammonia sorbent development for on-board H2 purification

Ammonia sorbent development for on-board H2 purification

Effects of Ammonia Impurities on the Hydrogen Flow in High and Low Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

Studies on PEMFC Stack for SO₂ Contamination at Air Cathode

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Diagnosis of contamination introduced by ammonia at the cathode in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

Cited by 54 publications

References 32 publications

Ammonia sorbent development for on-board H2 purification

Ammonia sorbent development for on-board H2 purification

Effects of Ammonia Impurities on the Hydrogen Flow in High and Low Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

Studies on PEMFC Stack for SO2 Contamination at Air Cathode

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Studies on PEMFC Stack for SO₂ Contamination at Air Cathode