Diagnosis of coronary artery disease in women

Detection of acute myocardial ischemic injury by gender using a novel cardiac electrical biomarker

“…Specifically, the high diagnostic accuracy results found in women were unexpected given the reported difficulties of identifying coronary disease in the female population [20][21][22] .…”

Manifestations of Chronic Disease During Pregnancy

“…This could also explain the relatively high prevalence of heart failure after myocardial infarction, despite angiographic evidence of only minor changes, 97 and lower success rates after coronary artery angioplasty and bypass graft surgery than in men, who have more epicardial vessel disease. 98 Pregnancy complications often precipitate the identification of hereditary thrombophilia. Although thrombophilia is attributed to the risk of venous thrombosis and pregnancy complications, it may also contribute to development of arterial disease in relation to the progression of atherosclerosis.…”

Sex and Sensitivity: The Continued Need for Sex-Based Biomedical Research and Implementation

“…Others have argued that practicing physicians also lack appropriate and up-to-date knowledge of the scientific literature, thereby compromising their ability to accurately diagnose their patients in a sex-based manner [10]; for example, a recent survey revealed that only one in five physicians were aware that more women than men die from cardiovascular disease each year [11]. It is well documented that female and male patients are affected disparately by diseases outside the realm of reproduction, in conditions such as cardiovascular disease [12], stroke [13] and diabetes [14]. Not only do these illnesses present differently in men and women, but these sex-based differences extend to disease management and prognosis as well [15][16][17].…”